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PHE1IDH > Social Influences and Motivation > Flashcards

Social Influences and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

Scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and uses of individual behaviour in social situations, where behaviour means feelings, thoughts and overt reactions

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2
Q

Social cognition

A

How we perceive, interpret and predict social behaviour

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3
Q

What is the important step in social cognition?

A

Attribution

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4
Q

Attribution

A

How people describe the cause of events of other peoples behaviour and of their own behaviour

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5
Q

What are the social influences on behaviour?

A
  • Conformity
  • Compliance
  • Obedience
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6
Q

Conformity

A

“We freely choose to think and behave as others expect”

Merely observe the actions of group members and adjust their behaviour accordingly

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7
Q

Compliance

A

“We freely choose to behave (think) as others request”

E.g. you know it is bad to drink excessively but you do it to fit in

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8
Q

Obedience

A

“We respond to direct pressure to behave as others order”

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9
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Describing the ways the social perceiver uses info to generate causal explanations

How individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking

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10
Q

Dispositional attribution

A

The cause of the behaviour is found in the person (internal or dispositional causality)

A person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person (attitude, character, personality)

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11
Q

Situational Attribution

A

The cause of the behaviour is found in the situation (external or situational causality)

Something about the situation they are in/circumstances are responsible

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12
Q

Attributional Factors

A
  • Consistency
  • Distinctiveness
  • Consensus
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13
Q

Dimensions of causal attribution

A

Locus of control: internal-external

Stability: stable-unstable

Controllability: controllable-uncontrollable

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14
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency of people to overestimate the influence of dispositional factors (blame or credit people) and to underestimate the impact of situational factors (blame or credit the environment) when searching for the cause of some behaviour or outcome

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15
Q

Attributional Biases

A

Assumptions made about others without having all the facts you need to be accurate

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16
Q

What are the Attributional Biases?

A

Actor-Observer

Self-serving

Modest

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17
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

Tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes, while attributing other people’s behaviours to internal causes

“You fell, I was bumped

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18
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Success is due to internal traits, failures are caused by variable outside of our control

“I fell because I was bumped; I stood up because I am tough”

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19
Q

Modesty Bias

A

Attribute success to external factors and failures to internal factors

“I did well on that exam because it was easy; I failed my other exam because I am not smart”

20
Q

Attitude

A

Lasting impression - generally evaluating of people (including oneself, others, objects)

The learned relatively stable tendency to respond to people, concepts, in an evaluative way

Comprises cognitive and emotional components

21
Q

How are attitudes formed?

A

Learning

Social Norms

22
Q

Social Norm

A

The “preferred” attitudes of a community

23
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Feeling of discomfort resulting from holding two conflicting beliefs

24
Q

How can cognitive dissonance be reduced?

A
  1. Change one or more of the attitudes
  2. Acquire new info that outweighs the dissonant belief
  3. Reduce the importance of the cognition
25
Q

Self-perception theory

A

“We infer our attitudes from our own behaviour in the same way that we infer other people’s attitudes from their behaviour”

(E.g. decided we like folk music based on the fact that we listen to it all the time)

26
Q

Person Perception

A

An element of social psychology concerning how we process information about people

27
Q

Social schemas

A

Cognitive structures comprising the presumed characteristics of a role, event, person or group

28
Q

Stereotypes

A

Social schemas about a group, be it positive or negative

29
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative attitude towards people based on their membership of a group about whom we hold a largely negative stereotype

30
Q

Impression management

A

Deliberate effort to influence the impression that others form of us

31
Q

Motivation

A

Process of starting, directing and maintaining physical and psychological activities; including mechanisms involved in preferences for one activity over another and the visor and persistence of responses

32
Q

Theories of Motivation (TOM)

A

Evolution

Homeostasis

Incentive and Expectation

33
Q

(TOM) - Evolution

A

Biological instincts we are born with such as sucking

34
Q

(TOM) - Homeostasis

A

Fulfilling urges and drives such as hunger and addiction

35
Q

(TOM) - Incentive and Expectation

A

Cognitive driven - intrinsic/extrinsic motivation

36
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Stems from the individuals desires and is ‘process’

“I want to do it”

“Im in the zone”

37
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Imposed from outside and is ‘results’ focused

“I’m only as good as my last success”

38
Q

(TOM) - Psychodynamic and Humanistic Views

A

Our subconscious and free will

39
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of need

A 
Physiological
Safety
Love/Belonging (Attachment)
Esteem
Self-Actualisation
40
Q

Expectancy theory

A

People put in time, effort and motivate themselves to complete an activity whether it be a task at work or study as they EXPECT they will get a desirable outcome

41
Q

Group polarisation

A

Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the decisions that would be made by the members acting alone

42
Q

Groupthink

A

Tendency of a decision making group to filter out undesirable input so that a consensus may be reached, especially if it is in line with the leaders view point

43
Q

Altruism

A

Prosocial behaviours a person carries out without considering his or her own safety and interests

44
Q

Social Loafing

A

People exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

45
Q

Social Inhibition

A

Conscious/subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction - avoided because of the possibility of others disapproving of their feelings or expressions

46
Q

Informational Influence

A

Group effects that arise from individual desire to be liked, accepted and approved of by others

47
Q

Reciprocity Norm

A

Expectation that favours will be returned if someone does something for another person, that person should do something in return

PHE1IDH (10 decks)

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