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PHE1IDH > Personality, Managing Emotions and Stress > Flashcards

Personality, Managing Emotions and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A

A complex set of psychological qualities of an individual that influence a variety of characteristic behaviour patterns across different situations and over time

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2
Q

What is a personality type?

A

Distinct pattern of personality characteristics used to assign people to categories; qualitative differences; rather than differences in degree, used to discriminate among people

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3
Q

Are personality types an all or non phenomena?

A

Yes

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4
Q

If a person is assigned to one personality type, could he/she belong to another?

A

No, they could not belong to any other type within a system

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5
Q

Are there separate, discontinuous categories in which people fit?

A

Yes (e.g. first born child)

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6
Q

What is a trait?

A

Enduring qualities or attributes that predispose individuals to behave consistently across situations

Constant element of the self that makes the person who they are

(what you list if you are asked to describe a friend)

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7
Q

What are the personality difference theories?

A
  • Allport
  • Eysenck
  • McCrae and Costa
  • Social Learning and Cognitive Theories
  • Theory of Expectancy
  • Affect Theory
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8
Q

Allport

A

Stimulus > Trait > Response
(giving a Shyness Avoidance/withdrawal
speech)

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9
Q

How does Allport view traits?

A

Building blocks of personality and the source of individuality

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10
Q

Eysenck

A

Each of the four quadrants represents one of the four personality types

Combinations:

> Emotionally Unstable (Neurotic) & Extraverted
(Impulsive, Optimistic, Aggressive)

> Emotionally Unstable (Neurotic) & Introverted
(Unsociable, Pessimistic, Ancxious, Quiet, Moody)

> Emotionally Stable & Extraverted
(Sociable, Outgoing, Talkative, Easygoing, Carefee)

> Emotionally Stable & Introverted
(Passive, Careful, Thoughtful, Peaceful, Controlled, Calm)

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11
Q

What are the personality dimensions of McCrae and Costa?

A

Conscientiousness

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Openness to Experience

Extroversion

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12
Q

Conscientiousness - People tend to be…

A

Careful, dependable, self-disciplined

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13
Q

Agreeableness - People tend to be…

A

Courteous, good-natured, empathic, caring

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14
Q

Neuroticism - People tend to be…

A

Anxious, hostile, depressed

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15
Q

Openness to experience - People tend to be…

A

Imaginative, creative, curious, sensitive

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16
Q

Extroversion - People tend to be…

A

Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive

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17
Q

Social Learning and Cognitive Theories

A
  • Personal Determinants
  • Behavioural Determinants
  • Environmental Determinants
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18
Q

What does the social learning and cognitive theory emphasise?

A

We participate in creating our own personality

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19
Q

Theory of Expectancy

A

The extent to which people believe their behaviours in particular situations will bring about rewards

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20
Q

Locus of Control

A

A personality trait thought to distinguish between those who attribute responsibility for events to themselves (internal) or to external factors

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21
Q

Internal LOC VS. External LOC

A

Internal > You make things happen (E.g. I can determine my future)

External > Things happen to you (E.g. There is nothing I can do about my future)

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22
Q

Why is LOC important?

A
  • Influence health related behaviours
  • Adherence to recommended health care
  • Modify our behaviour as HP’s
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23
Q

Emotion

A

Complex psychological state that involves three distinct components:

  1. PHYSIOLOGICAL response
  2. SUBJECTIVE (COGNITIVE) experience
  3. BEHAVIOURAL/EXPRESSIVE response
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24
Q

What factors make up a physiological response?

A

Blood pressure

Heart Rate

Respiratory changes

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25
Q

What factors make up a subjective (cognitive) experience?

A

Feelings/thoughts

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26
Q

What factors make up a behavioural/expressive response?

A

Facial changes

Postural changes

Deliberate actions

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27
Q

What is the difference between emotions and moods?

A

Emotions

  • Intense feelings
  • Specific to events
  • Short lived (mins to hours)

Moods

  • Less intense
  • Lack contextual stimulus
  • Longer in duration
28
Q

Are emotions innate?

A

Innate or primary emotions include:

Happiness
Sadness
Fear
Surprise
Anger
Disgust
29
Q

Can infants respond without prior learning?

A

Yes, they respond to certain stimuli with a prewired emotional response to a wide range of circumstances

30
Q

Affect Theory (Silvan Tomkins)

A

There were 9 affects to be innate and the source of all emotions

31
Q

Positive (Affect Theory)

A

Interest/excitement

Enjoyment/joy

32
Q

Neutral (Affect Theory)

A

Startle/Surprise

33
Q

Negative (Affect Theory)

A

Fear/Terror

Anger/rage

Distress/Anguish

Shame/Humiliation

Disgust

Dissmell

34
Q

How does the affect theory organise its affects?

A

Discreet categories connected with its response

E.g. joy > display of smiling)

35
Q

How does affect theory differ from cognitive approaches?

A

Postulates that we are born with nine very basic emotions cause affects and all emotions are thought to stem from these affects

36
Q

What would optimum mental health consist of?

A

Maximisation of positive affect

Minimisation of negative affect

37
Q

Are emotional expressions universal? (Edman & Friesen)

A

All people share an overlap in ‘facial language’
> 7000 possible variety of expression
7 universally recognised and produced expressions of emotions

38
Q

What are the 7 universally recognised and produced expressions of emotions?

A
  1. Happiness
  2. Surprise
  3. Sadness
  4. Anger
  5. Disgust
  6. Fear
  7. Contempt
39
Q

Are emotions culturally conditioned?

A

Cultures have norms that govern emotional expression, s how we experience an emotion isn’t always how we show it (e.g. love)

40
Q

How does culture influence emotional expressions?

A

Early life experiences impact innate emotional responses

Social rules / Social appropriateness

41
Q

What are the 4 functions of emotions?

A

Motivational Function

Drive Attention

Social Level

Cognitive Function

42
Q

Motivational Function

A

Arousing an individual to take action with regard to some experienced or imagined event

43
Q

Drive Attention

A

Directing and sustaining behaviours towards specific goals

44
Q

Social Level

A

Regulation of social interactions (closer to some people and distance from others)

45
Q

Cognitive Function

A

Influences what an individual attends to - the way they perceive themselves/others - remembering various features of life situations

46
Q

How can health professionals deal with patients and their emotions?

A 
Listen
Recognise
Respond
Make a plan
Offer follow up
47
Q

Addressing Emotions: The Empathic Response

A
  1. Identify the emotion (theirs/yours)
  2. Identify the source of the emotion
  3. Respond in a way that shows you have made the connection
  4. You do not have to feel the emotion yourself/agree
48
Q

What is the number 1 rule?

A

BE SAFE!

49
Q

Strategies for managing emotion PRIOR to the interaction

A
  • Identify what is causing your emotional response

- Put personal experiences aside during upcoming interaction

50
Q

Strategies for managing emotion - PRACTICE the interaction

A
  • Imagine how they are going to react
  • Clarify your goals
  • Empathic/listening
  • Validating emotions
  • Bring a colleague
51
Q

Strategies for managing emotion - DURING the interaction

A

Recognise when your emotions are impacting the situation

  • HR
  • Sweating
  • Resp changes
  • Repeating yourself
  • Realising you are not listening

etc.

52
Q

Stressors

A

Uncontrollable or unpredictable events that can alter our normal reaction to every day events (e.g. excessive workload)

53
Q

Acute Stress

A

Rapid change in psychological and physiological which have clear onset and offset patterns

54
Q

Chronic Stress

A

Continuous state of arousal in which an individual perceived demands are greater than the resources available for dealing with them, continuing over a long period of time

55
Q

Walter Cannon - Fight or flight response

A

Primitive response that quick;y increases HR, respiration, blood pressure and serum cholesterol

56
Q

The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - Selye

A

Aging/disease are caused by chronic exposure to stress

Biological explanation of how the body responds and adapts to stress

57
Q

Steps of GAS

A
  1. Alarm Stage
  2. Resistance Stage
  3. Exhaustion
58
Q
  1. Alarm Stage
A

Initial reaction of the body to stress - labels stressor as threat

Increase adrenaline

59
Q
  1. Resistance Stage
A

Body’s defence becomes weaker as it needs to allocate energy to repair the damaged muscle tissues

If stressor if prolonged - body enters resistance (moderate arousal)

60
Q
  1. Exhaustion
A

Persistent stress for a long period so the body starts to lose its ability to combat stressor

61
Q

Taylor (2000) Tend and Befriend

A

In response to threat, oxytocin motivates women to seek out social support to help respond to challenge and aleviate the negative impact of stress

62
Q

The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (1967)

A

Whether or not stress contributes to illness

Life change unit - different weight for stress - more events = higher score

High score = more likely to become ill

Low 300

63
Q

Cognitive Appraisal

A

Cognition, interpretation and evaluation of a stressor

64
Q

Lazarus’s and Folkman’s Transition Model of Stress & Coping

A

More vulnerable to stress because of environment

Imbalance of perceived demands & coping resources

Demands/pressure exceed our resources or ability to cope

Stress arose from a mismatch between perceived demands and resources

65
Q

Primary appraisal

A

whether a person has a PERSONAL STAKE in a particular encounter with their environment

66
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

Evaluate our coping options in order to deal with situation

PHE1IDH (10 decks)

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