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Personality & social > Social influence > Flashcards

Social influence Flashcards

1
Q

What is social influence?

A

The efforts of others to change our attitudes, beliefs, perceptions or behaviours OR our efforts to change other people’s

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2
Q

What types of social influence are there?

A
  • conformity
  • compliance
  • obedience
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3
Q

What is conformity?

A

The change in response to real/imagined pressure from others

The change in a person’s behaviour/beliefs as a result of real/imagined group norms

Adopting behaviours, attitudes & values of other members of a reference group

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4
Q

What is compliance?

A

The change in response to implicit/explicit requests

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5
Q

What is obedience?

A

The change in response to an order from someone perceived as being in a position of authority

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6
Q

What are norms?

A

Explicit/implicit rules created by a group to regulate the behaviour of its members

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7
Q

What types of norms can you get?

A
  • descriptive norms

- injunctive norms

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8
Q

What are descriptive norms?

A

Perceptions of which behaviours are typically performed - the perception of others’ behaviour

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9
Q

What are injunctive norms?

A

Perceptions of which behaviours are approved/disapproved by the group - assist an individual in determining what is acceptable & unacceptable in social behaviour

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10
Q

When does informational influence occur?

A

Occurs in ambiguous situations when we are uncertain of the correct response or how to behave

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11
Q

Informational influence is about the need to…

A

…know what is ‘right’

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12
Q

When does normative influence occur?

A

When we want to avoid punishment (disapproval) or receive a reward (praise) from another person/the group

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13
Q

Normative influence is about the need to…

A

…be liked & accepted

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14
Q

Does informational influence lead to cognitive change?

A

We believe that others are better informed –> follow their lead –> change our attitudes &/or behaviour in ambiguous situations

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15
Q

Does normative influence lead to cognitive change?

A

We may not believe that others are correct but we conform anyway

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16
Q

What type of compliance can normative influence lead to?

A

Normative influence can lead to public compliance without private compliance (no cognitive change)

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17
Q

What types of feelings can occur as a result of normative influence?

A

Negative arousal & discomfort

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18
Q

Asch (1951, 1956) had pps judge which of 3 lines another line matched to. Confederates in the group gave a unanimous wrong answer on 2/3 trials. What percentage of pps conformed at least once?

A

75% pps conformed at least once

Average conformity rate - 33%

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19
Q

What type of influence did Asch’s (1951, 1956) line study demonstrate?

A

Demonstrates normative rather than informational influence

- when control pps did the task in the absence of confederates, they achieved almost 100% accuracy

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20
Q

How did group size affect conformity rates in Asch’s (1951, 1956) study?

A

1-2 confederates = low conformity

3-5 confederates = high conformity

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21
Q

When confederates did not give unanimous answers in Asch’s (1951, 1956) study, what happened to the results?

A

Pps were less likely to conform when they were supported by another ‘deviant’ pp

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22
Q

What are the typical personality traits of people who conform?

A
  • authoritarian
  • low self-esteem
  • high need for social support/approval
  • low IQ
  • high anxiety
  • feelings of self-blame, inferiority, low status & insecurity in the group
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23
Q

What types of factors might be more important - external (situation) or internal (disposition) factors?

A

Situational factors may be more important

A person who conforms in one situation may not conform in another situation

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24
Q

How might gender affect conformity rates?

A

Women typically conform more than men

25
Q

What are limitations of studies that measure differences between male & female conformity rates?

A

Women are often unfamiliar/not experts at tasks in these studies, so have more uncertainty –> more likely to use informational influence than normative influence

26
Q

Researcher/s looked at how males & females conformed when stimuli were traditionally masculine/feminine.

Who did this study & what did they find?

A

Sistrunk & McDavid (1971)

  • when stimuli was traditionally masculine (type of wrench), women conformed more
  • when stimuli was traditionally feminine (type of needlework), men conformed more
  • when stimuli was neutral (popular rock stars), conformity was equal
27
Q

How might cultural norms affect conformity rates?

A

Smith et al. (2006) - conformity is higher amongst people from collectivist cultures

Markus & Kitayama (1991) - conformity is more favourable in collectivist countries

People who score highly on the Collectivism Scale conform more than people who score lowly

28
Q

What are ‘social rules’?

A

The behaviour that is expected of people in certain positions in society (e.g. students, nurses, mothers, etc.)

29
Q

What study did Zimbardo (1971) do that looked at conformity?

A

He randomly assigned male students to the role of prisoner/guard

  • guards wore uniforms, glasses, handcuffs & a whistle
  • prisoners were arrested at their homes & taken to ‘prison’

Within hours, the guards started harassing the prisoners
Prisoners adopted prisoner-like behaviours –> increased their submission –> guards increased their aggression

People readily conform to social roles (especially if roles are strongly stereotyped)

30
Q

When does obedience increase?

A

When in the presence of others who obey

31
Q

When does obedience decrease?

A

If the authority figure is more distant

32
Q

What are the sources of authority?

A
  • coercive
  • reward
  • expert
  • legitimate
  • referent
33
Q

What is coercive authority?

A

Have the ability to punish/remove positive consequences

34
Q

What is reward authority?

A

The ability to provide consequences/remove negative consequences

35
Q

What is expert authority?

A

The person has expertise (knowledge) that isn’t widely available

36
Q

What is legitimate authority?

A

The person has influence because of their social role

37
Q

What is referent authority?

A

Other people identify with/want to be like the authority figure

38
Q

What study did Milgram (1963, 1974) do on obedience?

A

Pps were given the role of ‘teacher’ (read a list of paired words)
The confederate was the ‘learner’ (tried to remember the word pairs) - if wrong, the teacher gave them a shock (15-450V), increased V with every wrong answer

Conducted the study in Germany & USA

Experimenter requested obedience if pps became unsure

39
Q

What percentage of pps gave ‘very strong’ shocks, & what percentage continued to the end in Milgram’s (1963, 1974) study?

A

100% pps gave ‘very strong’ shocks

62.5% continued to the end (complete obedience)

40
Q

Why did pps obey in Milgram’s (1963, 1974) study?

A
  • experimenter said he was responsible (removes individual responsibility)
  • commands were gradual (gradually increasing V), when do you stop?
  • little time to reflect
  • experimenter was perceived as an authority figure (pps believed that he had the power to influence & control their behaviour)
41
Q

Which factors might influence obedience?

A
  • gender

- ethnicity

42
Q

Milgram (1963, 1974) found that gender could influence obedience. What did they find?

A

In 17/18 experiments, pps were 20-50 y/o males from different socioeconomic background

1 study used only females –> found the same obedience levels

43
Q

In which country - USA or Germany - did Milgram expect obedience to be higher in?

A

Germany

44
Q

Which researcher/s found that obedience levels were similar in other countries (similar to levels found in Milgram’s study?

A

Smith et al. (2006) - Italy, UK, Austria

45
Q

Which researcher/s found that obedience levels were lower in some countries (compared to levels found in Milgram’s study)?

A

Kilham & Mann (1974) - Australia

46
Q

Which researcher/s found that obedience levels were higher in some countries (compared to levels found in Milgram’s study)?

A

Meeus & Jaaijmakers (1986) - Spain, the Netherlands

47
Q

How did the immediacy of the learner affect complete obedience levels (Milgram, 1963, 1974)?

A

If the learner was in a separate room (original study) –> 62.5%

If the learner was not seen/heard –> 100%

If the learner was in the same room –> 40%

If the learner held hands with the questioner (pp) –> 30%

48
Q

How did the proximity of the authority figure affect complete obedience levels (Milgram, 1963, 1974)?

A

If the authority figure was in the same room –> 62.5%

If the authority figure gave orders via the telephone (i.e. absent from the room) –> 20.5%

If the authority figure didn’t give any orders –> 2.5%

49
Q

How did group pressure affect complete obedience levels (Milgram, 1963, 1974)?

A

If there were no other peers present –> 62.5%

If there were 2 other obedient peers –> 92.5%

If there were 2 disobedient peers –> 10%

50
Q

What type of control do minorities NOT have over the majority?

A

Minorities have no NORMATIVE control over the majority but minority influence is still possible

51
Q

When is minority influence most influential?

A

When it is consistent & they maintain the same viewpoint over time

52
Q

Moscovici (1980) proposed the Model of Influence. What does minority influence result in?

A

Minority influence results in conversion

Informational influence (new info is added)

People believe in private = cognitive change

53
Q

Moscovici (1980) proposed the Model of Influence. What does majority influence result in?

A

Majority influence results in compliance

Normative influence

People alter their expressed attitudes/behaviours in public but don’t believe them in private = no cognitive change

54
Q

If the minority opposes the majority, it may allow for more meaningful social change. What will information influence result in?

A

Informational influence will result in private acceptance

55
Q

If the minority opposes the majority, it may allow for more meaningful social change. What will normative influence result in?

A

Normative influence is more superficial - it will result in public acceptance but not private acceptance

56
Q

Who does minority influence support?

A

Minority influence can provide support for others who may want to deviate from the majority group

57
Q

What happens to obedience & conformity levels when numerous people are willing to defy the majority group?

A

There is less conformity & obedience when others are willing to defying the majority group

58
Q

Asch (1952) found that the minority can influence the majority by gaining support & growing in numbers.

What happens in a group if there is 1 deviant?

What happens in a group with a minority of 9 deviants?

A

1 deviant –> ridiculed for their incorrect response

9 deviants –> taken more seriously

Personality & social (12 decks)

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