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Personality & social > Aggression > Flashcards

Aggression Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘aggression’?

A

Behaviours performed with the goal of harming another person

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2
Q

What different types of aggression can you get?

A
  • hostile aggression
  • instrumental aggression
  • relational aggression
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3
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

Stems from feelings of anger, aimed at inflicting pain/injury on another person

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4
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

Performed to reach a goal, as a means to an end

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5
Q

What is relational aggression?

A

Harming through damaging social relationships

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6
Q

What is the behavioural genetics view of aggression?

A

Aggression is partly inherited

[we know how to be aggressive from a young age]

Freud, Lorenz - aggression is an inborn drive

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7
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective of aggression?

A

Aggression is particularly adaptive for men
–> dominance –> paternity

Aggression is more frequent in males because they have higher testosterone levels
Females tend to use relational aggression more than physical aggression

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8
Q

How might aggression be learned?

A

It may be learned through received/observed reward (Social Learning theory)

We see someone getting rewarded for behaving aggressively –> makes us more likely to use aggression in similar situations

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9
Q

How might culture influence aggression?

A

Cultural rules restrict & govern aggression

E.g. peaceful tribes vs. ‘culture of honour’

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10
Q

What is a ‘culture of honour’?

A

This culture accepts & justifies aggression in response to threats to one’s honour

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11
Q

Which researcher/s did a study on cultures of honour?

A

Vandello et al. (2009)

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12
Q

What did Vandello et al.’s (2009) study on culture of honour involve & find?

A

Pps in Chile (culture of honour) & Canada (control) listened to an argument between a couple about either…

1) another man (jealousy)
2) another topic (non-jealousy)

Pps were asked whether aggression was acceptable in that situation

–> pps from Chile were more accepting of aggression in the jealous situation

It didn’t differ in how much each group accepted aggression in the non-jealous situation

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13
Q

What are some social determinants of aggression?

A
  • provocation
  • frustration
  • weapons
  • discomfort
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14
Q

DeWall et al. (2007) tested whether provocation led to aggression. What did they do & find?

A

Pps received feedback from a confederate on their interview performance, they were either…

1) provoked (given negative feedback)
2) not provoked (given positive feedback)

Pps then evaluated the confederate’s performance

–> when pps had been provoked, they gave more negative evaluations of the confederate’s performance

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15
Q

Who proposed the Frustration-Aggression model?

A

Dollard et al. (1939)

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16
Q

What is the basis of the Frustration-Aggression model?

A

We feel frustration when we don’t achieve a goal → leads to the instigation to aggress (or other responses, e.g. withdrawal) → results in outward aggression

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17
Q

Why is poverty related to aggression?

A

People whom are poor/in poverty are frustrated because they cannot achieve their goals

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18
Q

Aggression is often not directed towards their source of frustration. What is this called?

A

Displacement

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19
Q

What is a limitation of the Frustration-Aggression model?

A

It is an extreme theory - assumes that all aggression is caused by frustration

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20
Q

Who revised the Frustration-Aggression model?

A

Berkowitz (1989, 1993)

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21
Q

How did Berkowitz (1989, 1993) alter the Frustration-Aggression model?

A

He agrees that frustration can lead to anger but states that anger and an AGGRESSION CUE must be present to instigate aggression & lead to outward aggression

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22
Q

What does emotion/appraisal theory state in relation to emotions we may feel when we don’t achieve a goal?

A

Not achieving a goal leads to ANGER when a person feels it is someone else’s fault but to SADNESS when a person feels it is their fault

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23
Q

What is the weapons effect?

A

The presence of a weapon can increase the probability of aggression

24
Q

Who did a study on the weapons effect? What did they find?

A

Berkowitz & Le Page (1967) made pps angry (gave them negative feedback) then had them give electric shocks to a confederate & measured the length of their shocks
A gun OR badminton racket was in room

–> when a gun was in the room, pps gave longer shocks = more aggressive

25
Q

How can discomfort increase aggression?

A

Heat has been found to increase rates of violent crime (more in hotter years & summer months)

There is only more aggression up to a certain temperature (75˚F)

More rape, murder & DV (inside) in summer

26
Q

As well as heat, what other sources of discomfort have been found to increase aggression rates?

A
  • pain

- unpleasant environments (loud, crowded)

27
Q

Who proposed the General Model of Aggression?

A

Anderson & Bushman (2002)

28
Q

What components are in the General Model of Aggression?

A
  1. Input variables
  2. Situational factors / person factors
  3. Influences your current internal state (affect, cognition, arousal)
  4. Influences appraisal & decision processes
  5. Leads to thoughtful action/impulsive action (e.g. aggression)

Situational factors influence your internal state → increases arousal → feel angry → more aggressive thoughts

29
Q

Give examples of situational factors.

A
  • provocation
  • frustration
  • exposure to aggressive models
  • cues associated with aggression
  • discomfort/negative affect
30
Q

Give examples of person factors.

A
  • negative affect
  • irritability
  • beliefs about aggression
  • pro-aggression values
  • Type A behaviour pattern
  • hostile attributional bias
31
Q

Aggression influences how we _______/_______ a situation.

A

Aggression influences how we appraise/evaluate a situation.

32
Q

When we feel angry it leads to more aggressive thoughts (we feel like we are being attacked, don’t deserve it) & makes it more likely that we decide to…

A

…behave aggressively (impulsive action)

33
Q

Person factors:

The world is a bad place –> beliefs about aggression –>…

A

…behave more aggressively

34
Q

How does arousal influence a person’s likelihood of aggressing?

A

Arousal can increase a person’s tendency to behave aggressively

Arousal is often not related to the cause of the frustration/anger

35
Q

What affect can violent video games have on aggression levels?

A

Violent videogames increase…

  • aggressive thoughts
  • angry feelings
  • physiological arousal
  • aggressive behaviour

Violent videogames decrease…

  • empathy
  • compassion
  • pro-social behaviour
36
Q

As well as the media/videogames, what other things are linked to increased violence?

A
  • poverty
  • low IQ
  • single parent family
  • broken family
  • abusive parents

–> more likely to experience aggressive cognitions & affect & develop an aggressive personality

37
Q

Repeated violent videogame playing can lead to…

A
  • aggressive desensitisation
  • aggressive expectations
  • aggressive perceptions
  • aggressive behaviour scripts
  • aggressive beliefs & attitudes
38
Q

What is ‘aggressive desensitisation’?

A

Aggressive acts don’t see as cruel

We feel less sympathy for victims

39
Q

What are aggressive expectations?

A

We expect others to attack us

We learn to behave aggressively when someone provokes/frustrates us

40
Q

What are aggressive perceptions?

A

If someone has an aggressive personality, they are better at detecting aggressive facial expressions

41
Q

What are aggressive behaviour scripts?

A

We believe that the world is a bad place –> overestimate the occurrence of crime

42
Q

What might aggressive beliefs & attitudes lead to?

A

We may develop an aggressive personality & have more aggressive thoughts & affect

43
Q

How might aggression levels be affected by alcohol?

A

Consuming alcohol leads us to behave more aggressively & have stronger reactions to provocations

44
Q

Why does alcohol have this effect on aggression levels?

A

Alcohol causes us to become disinhibited - aggression is a failures of our self-control (we can’t inhibit our impulses)

Baumeister et al. (2007) - alcohol can deplete our self-control

Alcohol causes a biased & narrow perception of a situation (impacts our cognition) → we aren’t capable of giving more logical meaning to situations

45
Q

How might we be able to control our aggressive impulses, according to Reading (2008)

A

We should improve our communication & increase our empathy levels
Attempt to understand why the person is attacking/frustrating you

46
Q

How else might we be able to control our aggressive impulses?

A

We can express our anger non-aggressively

- e.g. write a letter (Pennebaker, 1990) –> helps us express our feelings & let go of the anger

47
Q

What method does NOT help to control our aggressive impulses?

A

Catharsis (“blowing off steam”) (Denzier & Foerster, 2012) –> increases our aggression

48
Q

What is anger rumination & when do we do it?

A

We often engage in anger rumination when we are in anger-provoking situations

This is when we spontaneously reflect on the situation using a self-immersive (1st person) perspective

49
Q

What effect does anger rumination have on our emotions?

A

Anger rumination perpetuates our feelings of anger

50
Q

How might we be able to reduce the negative effects of anger rumination?

A

We should think about the situation from a 3rd person perspective - distance ourself from the situation, adopt a more detached perspective

51
Q

Pps received provoking comments from a confederate. They reflected on their feedback by taking on a self-distanced OR self-immersive perspective OR did not reflect on their feedback.

Who did this study & what did they find?

A

Mischkowski et al. (2012) measured the duration & intensity of noise blasts that pps gave the confederates (= aggressive action)

Found that the self-distance group had fewer aggressive thoughts & angry feelings, & displayed less aggressive behaviour towards the confederate (gave shorter noise blasts)

52
Q

How might we prevent experiencing aggression from another person’s actions?

A

Weiner et al. (1982) - apologising can be effective

Baron (1976) - we can use humour (but it doesn’t work in all situations)

53
Q

How might we prevent aggression in society?

A

Punishments should be prompt & justified

Reading (2008) – we can train people to prevent aggressive responses that focuses on communication & empathy/perspective taking

54
Q

What happens to the frequency of our aggressive thoughts if we have the goal to aggress, according to Denzler, Förser & Liberman (2007)

A

We have the goal to aggress → increases the accessibility of aggressive thoughts

55
Q

What happens to the frequency of our aggressive thoughts after goal fulfilment, according to Denzler, Förser & Liberman (2007)?

A

After goal fulfilment we have reduced accessibility of aggressive thoughts

56
Q

What did Denzler, Förser & Liberman (2007)’s 3 experiments involve?

A

Experiment 1:
- accessibility of aggression increased after imagining an aggressive situation compared to a non-aggressive situation

Experiment 2:
- found similar effects for non-aggressive conflict-resolution → there was a post-fulfilment reduction in actual aggressive behaviour

Experiment 3:
- aggressive acts that don’t constitute goal fulfilment increase the accessibility of aggression

Personality & social (12 decks)

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