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Personality & social > Intergroup behaviour > Flashcards

Intergroup behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘intergroup behaviour’?

A

Perceptions/cognitions/behaviour that is influenced by people’s recognition that they & others are members of distinct social groups

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2
Q

What does intergroup require/not need?

A

Intergroup behaviour doesn’t require interaction, just the perception of social group distinctions

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3
Q

What is an in-group?

A

The social group that a person identifies as being a member of

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4
Q

What is an out-group?

A

The social group that a person does not identify with

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5
Q

What behaviour can group distinctions lead to?

A

Prejudice

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6
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Holding derogatory attitudes/beliefs, expressing negative affect or displaying hostile behaviour towards members of a group on account of their membership of that group

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7
Q

What theories explain intergroup behaviour?

A

Relative Deprivation theory - intergroup aggression
Realistic Conflict theory - intergroup conflict
Social Identity theory - intergroup bias

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8
Q

What is the basis of relative deprivation?

A

A sense of having less than what you feel entitled to

You feel a discrepancy between attainments & expectations

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9
Q

What might people feel deprived of to feel relative deprivation?

A

People feel deprived of things that are deemed valuable in society (e.g. money, justice, status)

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10
Q

What might people do when they feel relative deprivation?

A

People are more likely to join social movements (riots, protests) with the hope of redressing their grievances

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11
Q

Which researcher/s claims that RD can be a precursor of intergroup aggression?

A

Walker & Smith (2002)

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12
Q

Which researcher/s claims that RD can lead to frustration, which can then lead to intergroup aggression?

A

Berkowitz (1962)

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13
Q

According to Berkowitz (1962), collective intergroup aggression occurs as a result of…

A

…individual acts of aggression being exacerbated by situational cues (e.g. armed police)

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14
Q

According to Berkowitz (1962), RD can lead to…

A

…frustration –> individual aggression –> situational cues –> collective aggression

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15
Q

Who proposed the J-Curve hypothesis?

A

Davies (1969)

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16
Q

What is the J-Curve hypothesis (Davies, 1969)?

A

RD is particularly acute when attainments suffer a sudden setback in the context of expectations that keep rising

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17
Q

What happened at the Los Angeles riots in 1992?

A

In a relatively well-off Black neighbourhood (whom had high expectations), there was an expectation-attainment discrepancy - felt poorly valued by White Americans (RD)

Rodney King was beaten - the police responsible were acquitted by a White jury –> caused a sudden increase in RD –> felt frustration at their unfair treatment –> riots –> Reginald Denny was beaten

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18
Q

Runciman (1966) claims that not all RD produces collective action or intergroup aggression.

What types of RD are there & which causes intergroup aggression?

A

Fraternalistic RD = the sense that your group is deprived in relation to other groups –> causes intergroup aggression, collective action, protests

Egoistic RD = the sense that you are deprived as an individual in relation to other groups –> causes individual stress, depression, etc.

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19
Q

Walker & Mann (1987) found that unemployed people with ____ RD had symptoms of individual stress. Unemployed people with ____ RD were prepared to contemplate militant protest.

A

Walker & Mann (1987) found that unemployed people with EGOISTIC RD had symptoms of individual stress. Unemployed people with FRATERNALISTIC RD were prepared to contemplate militant protest.

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20
Q

Who proposed the Realistic Conflict theory?

A

Sherif (1966)

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21
Q

What is the basis of the Realistic Conflict theory?

A

Intergroup conflict arises when groups compete for resources that only one group can get

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22
Q

How do the outcomes of mutually exclusive goals & shared goals differ?

A

Mutually exclusive goals → intergroup competition → intergroup aggression

Shared goals → intergroup cooperation → intergroup harmony

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23
Q

Sherif & Sherif (1953) did the Robber’s Cave study. What were the 3 stages?

A
  1. In-group formation
  2. Friction phase
  3. Integration stage
24
Q

What happened in Sherif & Sherif’s (1953) ‘in-group formation’ stage?

A

The boys were split into 2 groups based on their similarities

They got to know each other
Social norms developed
Leadership & structure emerged

25
Q

What happened in Sherif & Sherif’s (1953) ‘friction phase’?

A

The groups came into contact when they competed in games
Competed for the control of territory
There were prizes for winners –> resulted in out-group hostility & intergroup conflict

26
Q

What happened in Sherif & Sherif’s (1953) ‘integration stage’?

A

Some techniques (communication, contact) served as opportunities to derogate & attack the out-group

Share goals that required cooperation improved intergroup relations –> less aggression, more positive out-group evaluations

27
Q

How can positive intergroup relations be maintained?

A

Positive intergroup relations are maintained only in the presence of superordinate goals that promote cooperation

28
Q

How might employment in the UK lead to intergroup conflict?

A

2012 - foreign-born people made up 13.6% of those employed

2014 - unemployment rate = 6.4%

2014 - UKIP policies included reducing immigration (5-year ‘freeze’ on immigration, removing illegal immigrants)

2014 - UKIP was 1st party in over a century (besides L & C) to win UK election

2 groups (UK-born & foreign-born) → mutually exclusive goal (employment) → competition for resources (jobs) → intergroup conflict (prejudice, support for UKIP)

29
Q

Are goals necessary to elicit prejudice?

A

No - goals aren’t always necessary to elicit prejudice

30
Q

What is the essential part of RC theory?

A

A distinction between the in-group & out-group

Identification with the in-group + hostility & conflict towards the out-group

31
Q

What is the minimal group paradigm?

A

A method for investigating the minimal conditions required for group discrimination to occur

32
Q

Tajfel, Billig, Bundy & Flament (1979) assigned school boys to different groups. What did they do & find in their first experiment?

A

In-group & out-group membership was based on flimsy/irrelevant criterion

–> pps favoured their own group when distributing real rewards & penalties

33
Q

Tajfel, Billig, Bundy & Flament (1979) assigned school boys to different groups. What did they find in their second experiment?

A

Maximum joint profit independent of group membership DIDN’T affect the way that pps divided real rewards

Maximum profit for their own group DID affect the distribution of rewards

The clearest effect on the distribution of rewards was due to the pps’ attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the in-group & out-group

34
Q

What is intergroup bias?

A

A form of prejudice

The tendency to display preference towards the in-group

35
Q

When group membership is based on certain distinctions, it removes the possibility that in-group members are perceived as similar.

Who said this?

A

Billig & Tajfel (1973)

36
Q

How can we measure intergroup bias?

A
  • explicit attitudes
  • stereotypes
  • discriminatory behaviour
  • implicit bias
37
Q

What explicit measures did Hewstone, Rubin & Willis (2002) suggest that we use to measure intergroup bias?

A

Responses could be assessed by traditional self-report measures

e.g. attribution of group traits, group evaluations, behaviour towards in- & out-group

38
Q

What implicit measures did Hewstone, Rubin & Willis (2002) suggest that we use to measure intergroup bias?

A

We could measure pps’ evaluations & beliefs that are automatically activated by the presence of the attitude object (i.e. the target group)

e.g. indirect self-report measures, memory tasks, psychophysiological measures

39
Q

To measure intergroup bias, we could compare pps’ reaction times to associations between the in- & out-group & negative or positive traits. What would we normally find?

A

Pps have faster reaction times to the in-group for positive traits & to the out-group for negative traits

40
Q

There is in-group favouritism when allocating sanctions & aversive stimuli. True/false?

A

False

Intergroup bias is robust across all types of group distinction & measures BUT there isn’t in-group favouritism when allocating sanctions/aversive stimuli

41
Q

What is & isn’t needed to elicit intergroup bias?

A

Conflicting interests AREN’T needed to elicit intergroup bias

Awareness of being in a group (group distinctions) is enough to elicit intergroup bias

42
Q

Prejudice & discriminatory behaviour is not always motivated by _______.

A

Prejudice & discriminatory behaviour is not always motivated by SELF-INTEREST.

43
Q

The minimal group paradigm demonstrates the role of ______ on intergroup behaviour.

A

The minimal group paradigm demonstrates the role of SOCIAL CATEGORISATION (making group distinctions) on intergroup behaviour.

44
Q

Who proposed Social Identity theory?

A

Tajfel (1979)

45
Q

What is the ‘social identity’?

A

Part of the self-concept

A person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership(s)

46
Q

Tajfel (1979) says that the groups we belong to (social class, family, teams) are important sources of _____ & _____.

A

Tajfel (1979) says that the groups we belong to (social class, family, teams) are important sources of PRIDE & SELF-ESTEEM.

47
Q

Social identity is part of our self-concept but is separate from our ___________.

A

Social identity is part of our self-concept but is separate from our PERSONAL IDENTITY.

48
Q

What is our ‘personal identity’?

A

The concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life

Your personality, traits & interpersonal relations with other people

49
Q

We are motivated to achieve/maintain a positive social identity. What is this called?

A

Positive distinctiveness

50
Q

We have a desire to positively differentiate ourselves/the in-group from the out-group. What feeling will this boost?

A

Positively differentiating ourselves/the in-group from the out-group can boost our self-esteem

51
Q

We have a desire for positive distinctiveness, but not if it is at the expense of our self-interest. True/false?

A

False - we have a desire for positive distinctiveness, even at the expense of our self interest

52
Q

Brown (1978) interviewed workers in an aircraft engine factory. What did he find?

A

He asked the workers to respond to the threat of redundancy by proposing wages for their own group & other groups at work

–> pps chose higher pay for other groups than their own group

53
Q

Our achieves are often defined by what we are good at as a group.

If another group is better at something, what might happen?

A

It might reduce our self-esteem

54
Q

What to we do to avoid a reduction in self-esteem when another group is better at us than something?

A

We might redefine what is considered an achievement to fit our perceived (often stereotypical) strengths

By doing this, we can maintain our positive distinctiveness (i.e. feel superior to the out-group)

55
Q

Which researcher/s studied children from 2 English schools to determine how different groups define success? What did they find?

A

Benjamin et al. (2003)

Middle-class children defined success as academic achievement (–> superior to working-class children)

Working-class children defined success as stress knowledge & non-academic activities (–> superior to middle-class children)

Personality & social (12 decks)

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