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Personality & social > Individual differences in emotion regulatory skill & wellbeing > Flashcards

Individual differences in emotion regulatory skill & wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

In order to accomplish goals, what are extrinsic & intrinsic processes responsible for?

A

Extrinsic & intrinsic processes are responsible for monitoring, evaluating & modifying emotional reactions (especially their intensive & temporal features) to accomplish goals

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2
Q

What does emotion regulation involve?

A

Emotion regulation includes inhibition, maintenance & enhancement of emotional reactions

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3
Q

Who proposed the model of 4 underlying processes of emotion regulation?

A

Sheppes, Suri & Gross (2015)

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4
Q

What are the 4 underlying processes of emotion regulation, according to Sheppes, Suri & Gross (2015)?

A
  • situation
  • attention
  • appraisal
  • response
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5
Q

We undergo a number of behaviours that involve these 4 underlying processes (situation, attention, appraisal, response). What are these 5 behaviours?

A
  1. Situation selection
  2. Situation modification
  3. Attentional deployment
  4. Cognitive change
  5. Response modulation
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6
Q

What is involved ‘Situation Selection’?

A

We choose which situations we enter to alter our emotions

We avoid situations that elicit unwanted emotions

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7
Q

What is involved ‘Situation Modification’?

A

We change an aspect/s of our current situation to alter our emotions

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8
Q

What is involved ‘Attentional Deployment’?

A

We modify our attentional focus to alter our emotions, without changing the physical environment

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9
Q

What is involved ‘Cognitive Change’?

A

We modify our appraisal (interpretation) of the situation to alter our emotions

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10
Q

What is involved ‘Response Modulation’?

A

We change our emotional response directly (e.g. control our expressive behaviour, Gross, 1998)
We change the way we express our emotions

  • it isn’t about our internal state but about how we present ourselves to others (e.g. suppress our emotions)
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11
Q

Which of the 5 behaviours is ‘situation’ (one of Sheppes, Suri & Gross’s (2015) 4 underlying processes of emotion regulation) involved in?

A

Situation is involved in ‘Situation Modification (2)

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12
Q

Which of the 5 behaviours is ‘attention’ (one of Sheppes, Suri & Gross’s (2015) 4 underlying processes of emotion regulation) involved in?

A

Attention is involved in Attentional Deployment (3)

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13
Q

Which of the 5 behaviours is ‘appraisal’ (one of Sheppes, Suri & Gross’s (2015) 4 underlying processes of emotion regulation) involved in?

A

Appraisal is involved in Cognitive Change (4)

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14
Q

Which of the 5 behaviours is ‘response’ (one of Sheppes, Suri & Gross’s (2015) 4 underlying processes of emotion regulation) involved in?

A

Response is involved in Response Modulation (5)

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15
Q

What is ‘reappraisal’?

A

The evaluation & interpretation of a phenomenon/event (e.g. thinking positively about a negative situation)

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16
Q

In which study were pps trained to use a reappraisal strategy to regulate their emotions, & had an MRI scan simultaneously to see which brain areas were activated?

A

Winecoff et al. (2011)

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17
Q

What did Winecoff et al. (2011) do in their study?

A

Winecoff et al. (2011) – pps were trained to use a reappraisal strategy to regulate their emotions

Group A:
On ‘Experience’ trials, they viewed an image then were told to experience emotions invoked by the image
They continued to experience the emotions after the image had disappeared (for 6-sec)
At the end of the trial, they rated the perceived affective valence of the image

Group B:
On ‘Reappraise trails’, they were told to decrease their emotional response to the image using reappraisal (e.g. distancing themselves from the scene)

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18
Q

What did Winecoff et al. (2011) find in their study in trials using positive images?

A

Appraisal of positive images increased activity in the dlPFC, dmPFC & inferior parietal lobule (IPL)

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19
Q

What sort of brain activity was found in trials using negative images in Winecoff et al.’s (2011) study?

A

A similar pattern of activation was found in trials using negative images
–> there was no significant difference between positive/negative images

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20
Q

In Winecoff et al.’s (2011) study, there was no significant difference between positive/negative images. What does this suggest?

A

This suggests that there is a neural circuit specifically for emotion regulation, regardless of whether info is positive or negative

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21
Q

What did Winecoff et al. (2011) claim the amygdala is involved in?

A

The amygdala is the neuromarker of emotion

It is responsible for producing physiological reactions & memorising emotional events

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22
Q

In Winecoff et al.’s (2011) study, when pps were asked to reappraise negative or positive pictures, what happened to activity levels in the amygdala?

A

When pps were asked to reappraise negative or positive pictures, amygdala activation was reduced

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23
Q

Winecoff et al. (2011) found a correlation between the amygdala & PFC. What does this mean?

A

Winecoff et al. (2011) found a correlation between the amygdala & PFC
- when pps used reappraisal, the greater the PFC activation, the lower the amygdala activation

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24
Q

What does this correlation between the amygdala & PFC in Winecoff et al.’s (2011) study suggest?

A

This suggests that greater activation of the PFC helps to down-regulate the amygdala

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25
Q

Johnstone et al. (2006) did a similar study to Winecoff et al. (2011). How did their study differ from the original?

A

Johnstone et al. (2006) used auditory cues to indicate whether pps reappraised a picture or experienced the emotion naturally (instead of visual cues)

Johnstone et al. (2006) compared the brain activity of healthy vs. depressed patients

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26
Q

What did each group in Johnstone et al.’s (2006) study do?

A

Conditions:

a) decrease reappraisal
b) increase reappraisal
c) attend

Pps in the ‘increase reappraisal’ condition were trained to imagine themselves or a loved one experiencing the situation that was depicted OR imagine a more extreme outcome than the one depicted

Pps in the ‘decrease reappraisal’ condition were trained to view the situation as fake/unreal OR imagine a better outcome than the one depicted

Pps in the ‘attend’ condition maintained their attention to the picture without changing their negative affective experience

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27
Q

What did Johnstone et al. (2006) find?

A

There was similar activation in the PFC when pps decreased their negative emotions BUT the PFC didn’t down-regulate the amygdala in depressed pps

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28
Q

In Johnstone et al.’s (2006) study, which area of the brain was more activated when reappraisal was used compared to when pps just attended to the picture?

A

There was more activation in the lPFC when reappraisal was used compared to when pps just attended to the picture

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29
Q

In Johnstone et al.’s (2006) study, what type of correlation between activity in the amygdala & PFC did they find in healthy pps during reappraisal?

A

In healthy pps, there was a negative correlation between amygdala & PFC activation
- the more the PFC was used, the less the amygdala was activated during reappraisal

30
Q

In Johnstone et al.’s (2006) study, what type of correlation between activity in the amygdala & PFC did they find in depressed pps during reappraisal?

A

In depressed pps, there was a positive correlation between amygdala & PFC activation
- the more the PFC was used, the more the amygdala was activated during reappraisal

31
Q

In which behaviour (of Sheppes, Suri & Gross’s (2015) 5 behaviours of emotion regulation) are there differences between healthy & depressed pps?

A

There are differences between healthy & depressed pps in SITUATION MODIFICATION

32
Q

Milgram et al. (2015) investigated what healthy & depressed pps did when they had the choice to change a situation. What did this study involve & what did they find?

A

Pps were shown sad/happy/neutral images & given the option to either…

a) see the same image again
b) see another image

–> depressed pps chose to see sad images more often than healthy pps

33
Q

What did Milgram et al. (2015) conclude from their study about depressed people?

A

People with depression are not as good at situation modification as healthy people

34
Q

What can healthy people do (in terms of the way their brain works) than depressed people cannot?

A

Healthy people…

  • can recruit their PFC when they are asked to regulate their negative emotions (reappraise)
  • the PFC will down-regulate the amygdala & help regulate their emotions
  • they can change situations to reduce their negative emotions (situation modification)

Depressed people…

  • can recruit the PFC when they are asked to regulate their negative emotions but their PFC will not down-regulate the amygdala
  • they have difficulty changing situations to reduce their negative emotions (situation modification)
35
Q

What individual differences may affect emotion regulation?

A
  • age

- level of extraversion

36
Q

How does age affect emotion regulation?

A

Livingstone & Isaacowitz (2015) – strategies that can be used before emotional induction are preferred by older adults

Carstensen et al. (2011) – older adults have higher emotion regulation goals than younger adults

37
Q

How do extraversion levels affect emotion regulation?

A

Henderson & Zimbardo (2001) – people low on extraversion (i.e. whom are shy) tend to use suppression more (possibly because they are too shy to show their emotions to others)

38
Q

What is ‘subjective wellbeing’?

A

Our evaluations of our life

39
Q

What are the components of wellbeing?

A
  • hedonic wellbeing

- eudaimonic wellbeing

40
Q

What is hedonic wellbeing?

A

Our wellbeing consists of happiness

41
Q

What is eudaimonic wellbeing?

A

Our wellbeing consists of fulfilling one’s potentials

42
Q

When is hedonic wellbeing high?

A

Hedonic wellbeing is high when…

  • our life satisfaction is high
  • we lack negative emotions
  • we feel positive emotions
43
Q

When is eudaimonic wellbeing high?

A

Eudaimonic wellbeing is high when…

  • we have a purpose in life
  • we have a feeling of personal growth
  • we have a feeling of autonomy
  • self-acceptance (positive attitudes towards the self)
  • we have positive relations with others
  • we have environmental mastery (can choose contexts that are suitable for our personal needs)
44
Q

Emotion regulation can enhance which type of wellbeing?

A

Emotion regulation can enhance eudaimonic wellbeing

45
Q

Gross & John (2003) examined people’s tendencies (the frequency) to use reappraisal to regulate their emotions. What did they find?

A

People who used reappraisal more had higher life satisfaction

46
Q

What did Gross & John (2003) conclude from their study?

A

Reappraisal improves hedonic wellbeing

47
Q

Which study supports the idea that too much happiness can be a bad thing?

A

Oishi et al. (2007) – analysed data from a British household study

  • -> found that a moderate level of hedonic WB predicted a person’s success most
  • -> the highest life satisfaction didn’t lead to the highest salary 5 years later
48
Q

Which study supports the idea that too much happiness can be a bad for our emotional health?

A

Telzer et al. (2014) – used MRI to examine activation of the brain’s reward area (VS)

Pps did a eudaimonic wellbeing task (donated money to others) OR a hedonic wellbeing task (received money themselves)

  • -> greater activation in the VS for the hedonic task predicted more depression in the following year
  • -> pps who cared (high eudaimonic wellbeing) had a higher chance of displaying depressive symptoms 1 year later
49
Q

If we want to avoid depression, we must have HIGH/LOW hedonic wellbeing & HIGH/LOW eudaimonic wellbeing.

A

If we want to avoid depression, we must have HIGH hedonic wellbeing & HIGH eudaimonic wellbeing.

50
Q

Which study supports the idea that reappraisal can lead to better eudaimonic wellbeing?

A

Gross & John (2003) – examined the effect of reappraisal on eudaimonic wellbeing
–> those who used reappraisal more showed higher eudaimonic WB in all 6 areas (environmental mastery, self-acceptance, autonomy, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others)

51
Q

What is cortisol?

A

A hormone that is released in response to stress

52
Q

Levels of cortisol are typically high at what point in the day?

A

We have typically high levels of cortisol 30-45 mins after we wake up, & levels gradually decline over the course of the day

53
Q

Which researcher looked at the effect of cortisol on wellbeing?

A

Abercrombie et al. (2004)

54
Q

What did Abercrombie et al. (2004) do in their study?

A

Pps gave saliva samples throughout the day for a 1 week period

Diurnal cycle → highest values were noted in the morning, & there was a downward progression over the course of the day (this is adaptive)

  • normative slope = negative-going line
  • deviations from this normative slope is associated with lower wellbeing
55
Q

What did Abercrombie et al. (2004) find in their study?

A

There were large individual differences in diurnal rhythm (some people have flat/steep profiles)
- a flat profile was linked to poor performance on cognitive tasks, lower perceived social support, less successful relationships with their SO & higher perceived stress

Hedonic wellbeing did not correlate with the slope of cortisol

56
Q

What did Urry et al.’s (2006) reappraisal study involve?

A

Urry et al. (2006) – healthy pps saw negative OR positive pictures & reappraised OR attended to the pictures

57
Q

What did Urry et al. (2006) find?

A
  • pps were good at reducing their amygdala activity when decreasing their negative affect
  • the amount of signal change observed in the amygdala was inversely associated with 2 clusters in the left & right vmPFC
  • there was a negative correlation between vmPFC & amygdala activation when pps saw negative pics
58
Q

Urry et al. (2006) also looked at the salivary cortisol slope. What did they find/conclude?

A
  • decreasing negative affect would show better adaptation (would show steep declines in salivary cortisol over the course of the day) & more adaptive functioning in daily life
  • the vmPFC & amygdala are relevant to salivary cortisol levels
  • greater vmPFC activation during reappraisal was associated with a steeper profile of salivary cortisol
  • if the vmPFC couldn’t down-regulate the amygdala (amygdala activity increased), there was a flat cortisol change
  • pps who were good at reducing their negative affect had a more adaptive daily cortisol rhythm
59
Q

Which behaviour of emotion regulation is expression suppressed represented at?

A

Expression suppression is represented at Response Modulation (5) (= external state; how we show emotions to others)

60
Q

How do reappraisal & suppression differ?

A

Reappraisal is about controlling your emotions by changing the way you think about the situation –> it is good for wellbeing

Suppression is about controlling your emotions by not expressing them –> it can be detrimental to wellbeing

61
Q

Frequent suppression leads to low life satisfaction & low wellbeing in all 6 domains for eudaimonic wellbeing (also lower in optimism & self-esteem).

Who found this?

A

Gross & John (2003)

62
Q

Pps watched a happy OR sad video & either…

a) suppressed their emotional reactions
b) didn’t suppress their emotional reactions

Who did this study & what did they find?

A

Gross & Levenson (1997)

Suppression increased pps SCR when they watched a sad video (i.e. it made their internal state worse)

63
Q

What researcher studied the effect of thought suppression?

A

Wegner et al. (1987) told pps to either…
a) think about a white bear
b) don’t think about a white bear
…& to ring a bell whenever they thought of a white bear

–> pps told not to think about the bear rang the bell more often

64
Q

Which two processes occur when we are trying to suppress a thought?

A
  1. Automatic target search

2. Controlled distractor search

65
Q

What is involved in automatic target search?

A
  • we look for the unwanted thought constantly to monitor our thoughts & see whether we have the thought in our brain
  • we test whether our thought suppression attempts succeed/fail
66
Q

What is involved in controlled distractor search?

A
  • once automatic target search finds the unwanted thought, we recruit controlled distractor search to find distractors to stop us thinking about that thought
67
Q

Automatic target search makes an unwanted thought activated & highly accessible. Under which condition/s does this especially occur?

A

This especially occurs when we are under time pressure/we have limited cognitive resources

68
Q

Why does having limited cognitive resources make thought suppression more difficult?

A

We can’t think of a distractor → this makes automatic target search more powerful → we become obsessed with the unwanted thought

ATS occurs first & we can’t switch to CDS if we have limited cognitive resources

69
Q

John & Gross (2004) found that using reappraisal to regulate our emotions is associated with healthier patterns of…

A

…social functioning & wellbeing compared to suppression

70
Q

According to John & Gross (2004), there is a normative shift towards a healthy emotion regulation profile during adulthood.
What do we increase/decrease the use of as a result?

A

There is a normative shift towards a healthier emotion regulation profile during adulthood - we increase our use of reappraisal & decrease our use of suppression

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