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Unfamiliar concepts in Psychology > Social influence > Flashcards

Social influence Flashcards

1
Q

How many male US participants were used in Asch study? (N)

A

123

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2
Q

On 12 critical trials what was the conformity rate for Asch’s original study? (N)

A

33%

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3
Q

On 12 of the critical trials what were the confederates instructed to do? (N)

A

Give the incorrect answer on 12 of the 18 trials.

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4
Q

How many participants didn’t conform throughout the whole study? (N)

A

25%

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5
Q

How many conformed on all 12 critical trials (N)

A

5%

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6
Q

How many conformed on 6 or more of the critical trials (N)

A

50%

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7
Q

All stimulus lines were indeed?

A

Unambiguous

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8
Q

VAC - Group size - Under the pressure of 3 confederates the proportion of conforming results was?

A

30%

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9
Q

VAC - Group size - the effects of large groups of confederates for example 15?

A

Led to some conditions leading to lower levels of conformity as participants became increasingly suspicious. But generally an increase after 3 didn’t lead to much effect.

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10
Q

VAC - Unanimity of the majority - What was the conformity rates of individuals that had a ally (participant or confederate) who had been instructed to give the correct answer?

A

Reduced from the original 33% to just 5.5%

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11
Q

VAC - Unanimity of the majority - What happened if the lone dissenter gave an answer that was different from the majority (of wrong answers) and the true answer?

A

Conformity rates were 9%

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12
Q

Why is there a reduction in conformity for the breaking Unanimous position?

A

The dissenter may provide useful information about the correct response and reduces the need for group social approvable (more importantly)

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13
Q

VAC - Task difficulty - Lucas 2006

A

The influence of task difficulty is moderated by the self efficacy (the confidence in their own ability) individuals who remain more confident in their own ability compared to low self-efficacy people suggesting the further importance of individual differences.

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14
Q

When did Milgram do his study?

A

1963

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15
Q

How many participants were involved in Milgram’s study?

A

40 participants

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16
Q

How many experimental confederates in Milgram’s study and what were they?

A

2 - experimenter and volunteer participant who always was the learner.

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17
Q

The teacher who tested their ability on a word associations delivered shocks beginning at what voltage and what level of increments and finishing at what? - Milgram

A

15 volts, 15 volts and 450 volts

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18
Q

How many participants continued to the maximum shock level of Milgram?

A

65%

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19
Q

How many went to a minimum of 300 volts of Milgram?

A

All!

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20
Q

How many stopped at 300 volts of Milgram?

A

12.5%

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21
Q

SFIO - Proximity study -
- Learner and teacher in the same room =
- When teacher had to put learners hand on the shock plate =
- When the experimenter gave orders of the phone while being away =

A

= 40%

= 30%

=21%

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22
Q

SFIO - Location - Original studies was taken place where?

A

Psychological laboratory, Yale University. This was said to offer confidence in the integrity of the people

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23
Q

SFIO - Location - what happened when the study was moved to another location and where was this?

A

Run-down office in Bridgeport with 48% delivering the full 450 voltage.

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24
Q

SFIO - The power of uniform - In Milgram’s experiment what did the experimenter wear?

A

Wore a white laboratory coat to establish authority of the experimenter

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25
Q

SFIO - The power of Uniform - Bushman study (1988)

A

Female researcher who was dressed either in a ‘police style uniform, business executive or a beggar’ and where told to give change for an expired parking meter.

Uniform (police) = 72% people obeyed
Business executive = 48%
Beggar = 52%
They claimed they obeyed the women in uniform because she appeared to have authority.

26
Q

How many naïve participants in Moscovici’s study?

A

4

27
Q

How many minority confederates in Moscovici’s study?

A

2

28
Q

Moscovici procedure -

A

Shown a series of blue sides which only varied in intensity, asked to judge the colour of each slide. Varied answers of the minority were on consistent and inconsistent trials.

29
Q

Moscovici consistent trials made the two confederates do what?

A

Call the blue sides green on every trial

30
Q

Moscovici inconsistent trials made the two confederates do what?

A

Call the slides green on 2/3 trials and the remaining 1/3 they were called blue.

31
Q

How did the consistent and inconsistent groups of minority confederates influence the 4 naïve participants?

A

Made them say green on over 8% of the trials.

On the inconsistent the groups exerted very little influence.

32
Q

When did Moscovici do his study?

A

1969

33
Q

Moscovici after study - Procedure

A

Participants were asked to sort 16 coloured discs into either blue or green, 6 were unambiguous (varied blue and green on the spectrum) whereas the other 10 were ambiguous and could be considered blue or green.

34
Q

Moscovici after study findings -

A

Individuals had to set threshold points in the experiment where one side of that point would be then judged blue and everything the other side green.

Consistent and inconsistent groups set their threshold values at different points. The consistent judged them more to be green than those in the inconsistent group. It was even greater for the individuals who didn’t go along with the minority during the experiment, suggesting it’s more private than public.

35
Q

Authoritarian personality -

A

Distinct personality pattern characterised by a strict adherence to convectional values and a belief, it is a dispositional explanation as it is seemed as being caused by an individuals personal characteristics.

36
Q

F scale -

A
  • Explanation of why it takes very little for some to obey
  • Developed in 1947
  • Adorno used this to measure the components made up of the authoritarian personality.
  • Seen as rigid thinkers who see the world as black and white
  • Adorno explored this and found people who scored high on the F scale tended to be raised by parents who used authoritarian personality styles.
37
Q

Right-wing authoritarianism -

A

Cluster of personality variables that are associated with a right-wing attitude.

38
Q

Conventionalism -

A

A belief to convectional norms and beliefs

39
Q

Authoritarian aggression -

A

Hostility towards people who violate these norms

40
Q

Authoritarian submission -

A

Uncritical submission to legitimate authorities

41
Q

Compliance -

A

Here the individual conforms publicly with the views or behaviours expressed by others in the group but continues to privately disagree. Gain social approval or avoid disapproval

42
Q

Identification -

A

So they can be identified with the group, elements of both compliance and internalisation, sense a feeling of group membership, adopt the views publicly and privately.

43
Q

Internalisation -

A

Differs from identification as these new attitudes become part of the individuals value system.

44
Q

Consistency -

A

When there is stability in the expressed position overtime, this was seen clear and evident in Moscovici’s research.

45
Q

Consistency talk about (study) -

A

Stability support for its importance from Moscovici and Woods meta analysis of 97 studies.

46
Q

Commitment -

A

The degree of which members are dedicated to a particular cause, the greater the perceived commitment the greater the cause.

47
Q

Commitment should use the word?

A

Dedication

48
Q

Flexibility -

A

The willingness to compromise over a position. Being too dogmatic and narrow minded is not seen as effective as your not willing to compromise. Whereas, being too flexible and being prepared to compromise is seen to portray your approach as inconsistent.

49
Q

Social change through minority influence should discuss the 5 key principles leading to progression what are they and what real life group can they be linked to?

A
  1. Drawing attention to the issue
  2. Cognitive conflict
  3. Consistency of position
  4. The augmentation principle
  5. The snowball effect.

The Suffragettes

50
Q

Drawing attention to the issue is what and where does it rank?

A
  1. If there views are different to those of the majority this creates a conflict they are motivated to reduce.
51
Q

Cognitive conflict is what and its rank?

A
  1. Minority creates a conflict between what majority group believe and the minority, it does cause the majority to consider the issue much more deeply.
52
Q

Consistency of position is what and ranked where?(link to the study on consistency)

A
  1. Research for example Woods meta-analysis and Moscovici’s study on minority influence has show that arguments over time bring about more social change but are more effective if presented to be consistent rather than inconsistent (Moscovici)
53
Q

The augmentation principle is ranked where and is what? (Suffer)

A
  1. If the minority appears to suffer for their views, they are seen as more committed and taken seriously.
54
Q

The snowball effect is ranked where and is what? Until it reaches what game show?

A
  1. Minority influence generally begins to have a small effect but then spread to others as the issues are considered by other promoted, until it reaches tipping point at which then it is represented as wide scale and a social change.
55
Q

Social support -

A

Perception individual has assistance available from other people and they are part of a supportive network.

56
Q

Social support of resisting conformity -

A

Asch found the presence of social support enables an individual to resist the pressures of the majority, for example in the presence of an ally in one of the variations of his study where they gave the correct answer away from the other group. Conformity dropped from 33% to 5.5%. There are many reasons of how this is effective it breaks the unanimous position of the group and reduces the need for group social approval. Allowing the individual with an independent assessment of reality.

57
Q

Social support of resisting authority -

A

Research has shown that resisting authority to obedience is higher if they can find an ally who is willing to join, these disobedient figures act as role model. For example in a Milgram variation participant was made up of a team of 3 where the other 2 were confederates who, one after the other were defiant in giving the shock level to the learner results showed of those individuals in this variation only 10% continued up to 440 volts.

58
Q

Locus of control means -

A

Refers to a persons perception of personal control over their own behaviour measured of those with high internal and those with high external values.

59
Q

Internal locus of control -

A

People control their own lives and own destiny. largely a consequence of their own behaviour and values. Rely less on the opinion of others better to resist social influence.

60
Q

External locus of control -

A

Determined by external factors such as luck or fate, these things are largely out of their control. Therefore they are more likely to accept the influence of others and less likely to display independent behaviour.

Unfamiliar concepts in Psychology (20 decks)

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