Schizophrenia (brief)

Question 1

Culture bias in the diagnosis of schizophrenia -

Answer 1

Hearing voices have meanings in different cultures in some Afro-Carribean societies the voices may be attributed from the idea of communication from ancestors, they are 10 times more likely to receive a diagnosis, leads to culture bias in diagnosis of clients if they are diagnosed from psychiatrics from different backgrounds suggesting that Afro-Carribean people may be discriminated against by a culturally biased diagnostic.

Question 2

Typical antipsychotic example and when they were introduced -

Answer 2

1950’s and Chlorpromazine. (Dopamine antagonist and the reduction of neurotransmitters work by blocking such D2 receptors) Positive symptoms

Question 3

Atypical antipsychotic example and when they were introduced -

Answer 3

1970’s and Clozapine binds to dopamine receptors the same way as chlorpromazine but to also serotonin and glutamate improves mood and reduces depression and this may improve cognitive functioning acting against some negative symptoms too.

Question 4

Study support of antipsychotics -

Answer 4

Thornley reviewed studies comparing to a total of 1121 participants and it was shown to be useful in better overall functioning compared to a placebo, atypical also received support, Meltzer review concluded it is more effective than typical and is effective into 30-50% of treatment resistant cases.

Question 5

Side effects -

Answer 5

Weight gain, itchy skin most series are neuroleptic malignant syndrome caused by blocked receptors in the hypothalamus can even cause death suggesting harm as well as good so must be careful when considering possible treatment methods.

Question 6

Phoroah found a bunch of strategies associated with family therapy -

Answer 6

Forming a therapeutic alliance and reduction of anger and guilt within families.

Question 7

Phoroh key study of family therapy -

Answer 7

reviewed 53 studies of Europe, east Asia and North America and compared the outcomes of families receiving standard care and family therapy did find a reduce in relapse rates 2 years onwards but no change in the independent people of the family but the approach is said to benefit all individuals in the family.

Question 8

Token economies are useful in changing -

Answer 8

Maladaptive behaviour

Question 9

Glowecki identified the effectiveness of token economies -

Answer 9

7 high quality studies from 1999 to 2013 where such institutions where experiencing schizophrenia all showed a reduction in negative symptoms and unwanted behaviour.

Question 10

Token economies are unethical -

Answer 10

Gives professionals considerable power to control peoples behaviour which may worsen ones symptoms for example a person may be content in how they act but be forced to changed and this may worsen them.

Question 11

Art Therapy as an alternative -

Answer 11

Identified by Chiang as a more pleasant and ethical approach appears to have a high-gain and low-risk approach of management without unpleasant side effects. NICE guidelines recommend ART therapy.