Last minute unknown RM -

Question 1

Difference between interview techniques -

Answer 1

S - Questions are decided in advance (may be open or closed), most likely to be quantitative data.

SS - Some questions may be prepared before, based on these answers they may allow the adoption of new answers

US - No questions are prepared in advance, each questions tends to happen of the previous response most likely qualitative data

Question 2

Questionnaires -

Answer 2

Asks a series of questions to collect info about topics or a topic
Always structures with questions
It allows a permit of what the individual feels instead of guessing.

Question 3

Self report techniques in general and of all 3 pros and cons -

Answer 3

Allow access of people thinking and thoughts

May not be truthful and the idea of social desirability bias (answer questions which makes them look better)

A strength of Q and SI is that they are both reusable as they are both standardised

A problem with them is interviewee bias where their expectations may influence the answers of the individual

Question 4

Questionnaire construction -

Answer 4

Clarity - needs to be written so that the individual understands what is being asked and what is expected of the participants

Bias - as in a leading question. The question should not lead an individual to believe that there question is hinting at something.

Analysis - questions need to be written so that they are easily readable and accessible.

Other considerations -
Sample - how to select respondents and reduce bias but have a range of characteristics
Pilot study - Tested on a small group prior to the original test to see whether anything needs changing.

Question 5

Design of an interview -

Answer 5

May take notes during the process but interfere with listening, mainly discuss what was considered in a questionnaire.

Question 6

Correlations -

Answer 6

Systematic association between two continuous variables.
Can be positive/negative May be curvilinear begins as positive but goes negative. No correlation = null hypothesis

When conducting a study a correlational hypothesis is needed which states what the expected association is between the 2 co-variables.

Scattergrams are used to illustrate a correlation, the more linear data the more strongly the correlation is. The co variables determine the x and y position.

Correlation coefficient - number between -1 and +1 which tell us how the co-variables are associated with each other.

A problem with the understanding of the correlation is there may be intervening variables -which comes between the 2 variables which cause them to explain the association between the correlation.

Question 7

Falsifiability -

Answer 7

Being able to prove a hypothesis wrong in order for a theory to be considered scientific.

Question 8

Paradigm -

Answer 8

A general law that is accepted by the majority of others, a paradigm shift occurs when there is evidence of the paradigm being less accurate.

Question 9

Reliability can be measured by?

Answer 9

Inter-rater reliability - two or more observers the same experience and record the data. The data is compared. A positive relationship suggests there is inter-rater reliability. 0.8 + (Reliability = the consistency of the measuring instrument).

Test-retest - The same participants complete the test on two or more separate occasions. Where a positive test between the first two highlight consistency.

Question 10

Validity can be measured by?

Answer 10

Face or content validity - extent to which the test items look like they intend to measure what they claim to measure.

Question 11

Psychological investigations - order

Answer 11

Abstract, intro, method, results, discussion, references.

Question 12

Aim summary -

Answer 12

• Aim
• Key research the study its based on
• experimental/alternative hypothesis
• Brief details of the method
• Statistical conclusion
• Whether the null hypothesis can be rejected.

Question 13

Introduction summary -

Answer 13

Literature review of research studies, statements of the aim, experimental/null hypothesis.

Question 14

Method section -

Answer 14

Design, IV and DV, number if pp, details of material and the use.

Question 15

The role of peer review -

Answer 15

Assessment of scientific work by others who are in the same expert field, the purpose of this is to allow correctly published research.

Critics - finding an expert isn’t always available, this means poor research may be passed as it wasn’t generally understood.

Publication bias - tend to publish positive results, tends to lead to bias and misperception of true facts.