Attachment

Question 1

Reciprocity and interactional synchrony are both believed to?

Answer 1

Strengthen the bond between caregivers and infant

Question 2

Reciprocity in forming attachments -

Answer 2

Suggested infants coordinate their actions with caregivers in a kind of conversation, responding to an action with another similar action. Allows the caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitvely to the infant.

Question 3

Brazelton suggested about reciprocity that -

Answer 3

It is an important precursor to later communications, the regularity of the infants signals allows the caregiver to respond appropriately, and this sensitivity drives this.

Question 4

Interactional synchrony -

Answer 4

Psychologists have described a certain different kind of attachment between caregiver and infant, can be described as being simultaneous and people tend to mirror. Explored by Meltzoff and Moore

Question 5

Interactional synchrony study (1977) -

Answer 5

• Systematic study
• Infants as young as two/three weeks
• Adult model displayed one of three facial features or hand movements
• Dummy was placed in the mouth to avoid initial response
• Found association between adult model and infant

Question 6

A further study of Meltzoff and Moore up to 3 days babies producing the same response and this must suggest what about the behaviour? -

Answer 6

Must prove there is no possibility of the behaviour being learned so it must be innate

Question 7

Schafer and Emerson conducted a study on the development of attachment called?

Answer 7

Glasgow babies

Question 8

How many infants in Glasgow study?

Answer 8

60

Question 9

Glasgow kids were studies up till the age of?

Answer 9

1 year (began between 5 and 23 weeks old)

Question 10

The mothers of the Glasgow babies were visited every?

Answer 10

4 weeks

Question 11

The mothers of the Glasgow babies asked them to respond on?

Answer 11

The infants response to:
- Separation in 7 episodes of everyday situations
-(Being left alone, with others)
- Rated on a 4 point scale
- Measured also stranger anxiety

Question 12

Schafer and Emerson used the findings of the Glasgow babies to conduct a description of?

Answer 12

A description of how attachment develops and progresses

Question 13

Stage 1: asocial stage

Answer 13

• Birth - 2 months
• Similar response to all objects
• Towards end show a greater preference to social stimuli
• Interactional synchrony and reciprocity play a role during this time to shape attachment

Question 14

Stage 2: indiscriminate stage

Answer 14

• 2 months
• Become more social
• Distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people
• Do not yet show stranger anxiety

Question 15

Stage 3: Discriminate attachment

Answer 15

• 7 months
• Signs of separation anxiety
• Said to have formed a primary attachment figure with one specific person
• Begins to also show stranger anxiety
• Found that the primary attachments weren’t necessarily the one who spend the most time with them but the one who responded to their sensitive needs the quickest, concluding that the primary attachment is based on quality and not quantity.

Question 16

Stage 4: Multiple attachments

Answer 16

• Around 9 months
• Very soon after the main attachment is formed they form multiple attachments
• Depends on the consistency of the other relationship.
• These may be considered secondary relationships

Question 17

Cultural variations were studied by?

Answer 17

Van Ijendoorm and Krooneneberg

Question 18

Cultural variations procedure and what were they interested in with intra and inter cultures?

Answer 18

• Meta analysis of the findings of 32 attachment studies and constructed 2000 strange situations.
• 8 different countries

Interested to see if there were inter-culture differences (between countries) and Intra-cultural differences (differences of findings within the same culture.

Question 19

Cultural variations in attachment findings?

Answer 19

• Found small differences
• Secure attachment was the most common
• Insecure-avoidant was the second most common and insecure-resistant was last.
• Secure attachment is seen as the norm across cultures and universally suggests that it is the basis for a healthy social and emotional development.

Question 20

Findings of Cultural variations in attachment Collectivist cultures -

Answer 20

Japan and Israel were found to have higher rates of insecure-resistant than avoidant which may be presented of a collectivist culture.

Question 21

Cultural differences may suggest that variations in attachment may not be all universally the same - German study

Answer 21

Grossman and Grossman found higher levels of insecure attachment among German infants, may be due to childrearing practices, where the culture involves keeping some interpersonal distance between infant and parents, so they would not engage in proximity seeking behaviour and therefore this would appear in the norm from the US strange situation it would appear that German infants appear insecurely attached.

Question 22

Who did the love quiz study for the influence of early attachment?

Answer 22

Hazen and Shaver

Question 23

‘Love quiz’ procedure -

Answer 23

• Placed it in a news Gazette, and the quiz asked about current attachment experiences and about attachment history to identify current and childhood attachment types
• The questions were used to assess the feelings of current love and an assessment of the internal working memory model.
• Analysed 620 responses - 415 women and 205 men

Question 24

How many responses were analysed in the Love quiz and what was the number of males and females?

Answer 24

415 women and 205 men = 620 participants

Question 25

‘Love quiz’ findings Hazen and Shaver -

Answer 25

Analysed the self-report data
- Found S = 56%
- Found IA = 25%
- Found IR = 19%
- Found more importantly a positive correlation between attachment type and love experiences. So these experiences led them to on to long lasting love experiences of over 10 years.

Question 26

The role of the Father - (A01)

Answer 26

• Seen to play a minor role in the parenting of child
• However can be seen more to do with caregiving as Cohn found in the last 25 years the number of dads to stay at home instead of work has quadrupled .
• Bowlby believed that children have only one primary attachment figure
• Research has shown the father to be more of a playmate.
• Found to be the bread winner of the family

Question 27

Several important factors have been identified that affect the relationship between fathers and children -

Answer 27

Degree of sensitivity - more secure attachments of those dads who are more sensitive towards their kids needs.

Type of attachment with their own parents - single-parent fathers tend to form attachments similar attachments with their children which they did with their own parents.

Question 28

Opener starter for a long answer question on the role of the father -

Answer 28

In Schaffer & Emerson’s 1960’s “Glasgow Babies” study they found that fathers were much less likely to be the primary attachment figure than mothers and, they explained this in terms of the father being the bread winner of the family and therefore less likely to be spending as much time with the infant, as the mother.

Question 29

Research has shown the importance of the father figure in the role of the father - Certain conditions for play mating roles from the father -

Answer 29

Fathers idea of being more eventful playmates can be from Geiger’s research where interactions are more exciting a pleasurable compared to mothers who are more loving and nurturing and affectionate. Lamb however suggested the attention of being a playmate is only relevant in some conditions when the child is in an emotional state and thus seeking stimulation so in this sense of the mother is the primary caregiver to look for and needed to overcome the conditions the child is facing. So suggesting the minor role they play in caregiving and their not effective for all situations.

Question 30

Men may not be physiologically equip to form an intense attachment style this may be from hormones -

Answer 30

May be biologically driven, for example the presence of women with Oestrogen underlies caring behaviour so they are suggested to reach more interpersonal goals than men. Suggesting mothers sensitivity towards their kids in order for them to grown and develop and lack of sensitivity to men due to the biological absence of much oestrogen in men. However, fathers who become primary attachment figures can be sensitive too, according to Lamb they can become a safe base from which to explore and quickly develop sensitivity to children needs. Therefore this disregards the idea of biological vulnerability and with the absence of oestrogen they can be good parental figures with sensitivity.

Question 31

Biological explanations read for role of the father -

Answer 31

Other explanations for mothers being more likely to be the primary attachment figure include biological differences between men and women, for example, female hormones such as oestrogen & oxytocin are associated with nurturing behaviour and some research has suggested that men are less sensitive in responding to infant cues, than mothers. This could mean that men are biologically disadvantaged in terms of making primary attachments with infants

Question 32

Father play a more important role in being?

Answer 32

Secondary attachment figures.

Question 33

Schaffer and Emerson found in the discriminate attachment stage about fathers -

Answer 33

between 7-9 months fathers were rarely the sole object of attachment and were around 3%.

Question 34

Lorenz full study -

Procedure
Findings
long lasting effects

Answer 34

Clutch of gosling eggs divided into two groups one left with natural mother the other within an incubator, when the incubator eggs first hatched they saw lorenz and started to follow him, to test this he marked the two groups distinctively of those with natural mother and lorenz eggs. (imprinting)

The goslings quickly divided themselves up one following the natural mother and lorenz group following him. If the animal is not exposed to the moving object during the critical period then they will not imprint.

Noticed long lasting effects, it was seen as irreverisble and long lasting for example one of the geese who imprinted on Lorenze would sleep with him every night.

Question 35

Harlow full study -
Procedure
Findings
Long lasting effects

Answer 35

Created two wired monkeys with a different head, one monkey with a cloth and the other not.
8 rhesus monkeys who were immediately separated at birth from original mother over a 165 day period, for 4 days the same amount of time was spent with each wired monkey which has the milk. Divided into 2 conditions. Measured how long the Monkeys spent with each wired monkey. Also studied monkeys response if a frightening object was placed in the cage what would they do?

All 8 monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth covered mothers whether or not they had the milk or not they spent a short time getting the milk and most of the time with the cloth covered mother, when frightened they clung to the cloth covered mother. Suggests that attachment doesn’t form from the one who feeds them but the one who offers the most contact comfort.

Long lasting effects - socially abnormal and froze or fled when approached by other monkeys and were sexually abnormal from different mating behaviour.

Question 36

Bowlby believed infants -

Answer 36

Needed a warm intimate and loving relationship between infant and caregiver and it wasn’t enough for a child to just be kept safe and fed.

Question 37

Bowlby critical period -

Answer 37

Children who were denied such care because of frequent or prolonged separation may become emotionally disturbed.

Said to happen before the age of 2.5 and a continued risk up to the age of 5.

Question 38

Long-term effects of maternal deprivation are -

Answer 38

Emotional maladjustment
Deprivation dwarfism
and mental health problems

Question 39

44 juvenile thieves Bowlby -

Answer 39

Considered to the children in his child guidance clinic in London and all were emotionally maladjusted he studies 88.

• 44 thieves (caught stealing) - described as affectionless psychopaths - they could steal from others and it didn’t matter to them.
• other 44 were a control group

Question 40

44 Juvenile thieves findings -

Answer 40

Those diagnosed as affectionless thieves were those that experienced early separations from their mother.
86% of the thieves were experienced early separations. None of the control group experiences early separations whereas 39% of all thieves had and received scarce visits from family.
Suggested there is correlation between there being a lack of continuous care and a risk of emotional maladjustment.

Question 41

Effects of institutionalisation is studies by?

Answer 41

Rutter and Sonuga Barke

Question 42

Rutter and SB - procedure

Answer 42

165 Romanian children , who suffered from the effects of institutionalisation, of this group 111 were adopted by the age of 2.5 and the remaining 54 by the age of 4 led a study called ‘ERA’ (English and Romanian adoptees).
Assessed a regular intervals to assess their physical and cognitive and social development.
They were compared to 52 British children adopted before the age of of 6 months.

Question 43

Rutter and SB - findings

Answer 43

At the time of adoption they lagged behind their British counterparts in terms of physical, cognitive and social development, evenly classed as mentally retarded by age of 4 some had caught up to the British counterparts. Was true for mist of the Romanian children adopted before the age of 6 months. Suggests long-term consequences may not be as severe as once thought if the child has a chance to form attachments in adoptive relationships, Vice versa if they do not form an attachment the consequences could be severe.

Question 44

Effects of institutionalisation -

Answer 44

Physical underdevelopment - usually tend to be physically small the lack of emotional care has caused deprivation dwarfism

Disinhibited attachment - a form of insecure attachments where individuals may be overfriendly with others there not familiar with.

Also go Poor parenting

Question 45

How many responses in Hazen and Schaver’s study?

Answer 45

620 - 415 women and 205

Question 46

Hazen and Shaver found in the self-report data similar findings of those in the SS -

Answer 46

SS
66 = S
22 = IA
12 = 12

LQ
56 = S
25 = IA
19 = IR

Question 47

Insecure avoidant and insecure resistant difference -

Answer 47

IA - tend to avoid social interaction with others and intimacy happy to explore with or without the presence of their caregivers.

IR - Those who reject and seek intimacy and social interaction

Question 48

How many assessed in Ainsworth study?

Answer 48

106 middle classed infants.