Approaches

Question 1

What did Freud believe -

Answer 1

That behaviour was determined more by psychological factors than biological factors. He presumed that behaviour was controlled by the unconscious mind.

Question 2

What did Freud use as a metaphor to represent and describe the mind?

Answer 2

An iceberg

Question 3

Freud believed that what we did in most of out lives was not controlled what but are the product of what mind?

Answer 3

Conscious and unconscious

Question 4

How did Freud interpret the iceberg?

Answer 4

That the tip of the iceberg only represented the conscious mind of what we though and is visible but the much larger part being hidden under the water represents the unconscious mind.

Question 5

Freuds structure of personality divides the mind into three stages which are?

Answer 5

Id, ego and superego

Question 6

Id -

Answer 6

Regards our impulses urges for instant/immediate gratification, operates unconsciously, for example if we are hungry we desperately need to eat.

Question 7

The superego - (super-hero following orders of what is right)

Answer 7

Refers to our morals and us following rules , represents conscious and unconscious behaviours, the conscience is the internalisation of societal rules, it determines which behaviours are possible and causes feelings of guilt when broken. Determined by parental standards of good behaviour.

Question 8

Ego -

Answer 8

Occurs in the conscious and preconscious mind, and mediates between the id and super- ego. It compromises between the impulsive demands of the id and the reality principle of the super-ego.

Question 9

Defence mechanisms -

Answer 9

If a person is faced with a situation they are unable to deal with rationally, their defence mechanisms may be triggered, tend to work unconsciously, the use of these mechanisms the individual stop themselves becoming aware of any unpleasant thoughts and feelings.

Question 10

What are the three defence mechanisms?

Answer 10

Repression, denial and displacement

Question 11

Displacement -

Answer 11

Redirects the Id’s displacement towards something else. Where the person feels unable to express their feelings in the presence of the person, they may take it out on a helpless victim.

Question 12

Repression -

Answer 12

Pushes away the impulse to the unconscious mind. Rather than them staying quiet in the unconscious these repressed thoughts continue to influence his behaviour without the individual being aware of the reasons behind it.

Question 13

Denial -

Answer 13

Gives into the id, and involves the refusal to accept what has occurred in their reality, they act as if the experience never happened where people around it find it quite bizarre.

Question 14

Freud believed what about the psychosexual stages?

Answer 14

Freud believed that personality developed through a sequence of five stages. Freud believed that individuals experiences cause tension due to its build up of sexual energy and that pleasure comes from its discharge. At each stage this energy is expressed in different ways and through different parts of the body.

Question 15

Stage 1: Oral stage

Answer 15

Mouth is the focal point of instant gratification, express early sexual energy 0-2 years

Question 16

Stage 2: anal

Answer 16

Focuses on the use of needing the toilet (Retentive or expulsive), child learns to control expulsion of bodily waste. 2-3

Question 17

Stage 3: Phallic

Answer 17

Now focused on the genitals, major focus at this stage is the obsession of the penis. Oedipus complex in which a male child become unconsciously driven to possess their mother (attracted to them) and get rid of their father. 3-6, girls do not trust their mother and become sexually attracted to their fathers with penis envy. Boys also get castration anxiety from receiving punishment from the father.

Question 18

Stage 4: Latent

Answer 18

The child develops the mastery of the world around them around 6-12 years, the Id begins to focus on all parts of the body.

Question 19

Stage 5:

Answer 19

12 + focuses on the individuals own reproductive organs, so directs us to sexual intercourse and the beginnings of adult life.

Question 20

What is the saying to remember the order of Freuds psychosexual stages?

Answer 20

Old age pensioners love golf.

Question 21

What does the humanistic approach focus on and believe?

Answer 21

People have full conscious control over their own destiny. (so have free will) rather than it being deterministic.

Question 22

Unlike psychoanalysts Maslow was keen on?

Answer 22

Looking for what could go right with people and not what could go wrong with them.

Question 23

Hierarchy of needs -

Answer 23

Motivational theory proposed by Maslow but at the time not presented as a pyramid but presented the most basic needs at the bottom and the higher needs at the top. Each level must be fulfilled in order for you to move up to a higher level.

Question 24

Malsow’s hierarchy of needs order from basic to most complex -

Answer 24

Physiology, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualisation

Question 25

Self-actualisation -

Answer 25

The final step of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Those who attained this level were creative and accepting of others around them, self actualisation can be deemed as peak experiences.

Question 26

Focus on self -

Answer 26

Refers to how we perceive ourselves as a person, Rogers claimed that people have two basic needs positive regards from others and a feeling of self worth (what we think of ourselves). Rogers believes what we think about ourselves is a good indication of our psychological state in terms of our health. The closer our concepts of our ideal self the greater the feelings of our self worth and a better psychological health.

Question 27

Congruence -

Answer 27

Refers to if there is a similarity between a persons ideal self and how they perceive themselves in real life. Higher rates of congruence are achieved if we have a closer self image and ideal self this promotes feelings of self worth.

Question 28

Conditions of worth -

Answer 28

When people experience conditional positive regard, refers to the expectations or standards that significant others, such as parents or spouses, impose on individuals, influencing their sense of self-worth. Individuals may experience a sense of self acceptance only if they meet the expectations that others have set as conditions of acceptance.

Question 29

The role of mediational processes -

Answer 29

Refer to the mental processes, where the observer must form mental representations of the behaviour displayed by the model and the probable consequences of performing that behaviour in terms of the expectations of future outcomes, when appropriate opportunities arise in the future, the individual might display the learned behaviour provided. Expectation of positive consequences are greater than negative consequences.

Question 30

The role of schemas -

Answer 30

Cognitive frameworks that helps organise and interpret information in the brain. Schemas are useful as they allow shortcuts when interpreting huge amounts of information, it also allows to conform against any information that does not follow our ideas and beliefs. These schemas might be specific events which tell us how to behave.

Question 31

Cognitive neuroscience -

Answer 31

These can be rapid advances of studying the brain that emerged in the 21st century. Gives detailed structures about how the brain works, the use of non-invasive neuroimaging such as PET scans helps psychologists understand how the brain supports cognitive activities and perceptions/emotions which become active in specific circumstances and events.

Question 32

Evidence of cognitive neuroscience and the use of emotions and specific regions of the brain (guilt)

Answer 32

Burnett found when people become guilty regions of the brain become active and stimulated like the prefrontal cortex and its use with social emotions.

Question 33

Bandura procedure -

Answer 33

Children either observed aggressive or non aggressive adult models.
Half were exposed to either aggressive then the other half to a non-aggressive life sized doll. (Aggressive model observed acts where they said word like POW!)
After watching the model they were then taken to a room where among toys there was a bobo doll.

Question 34

Bandura findings -

Answer 34

Those who had watched the aggressive model displayed a good deal of verbal and aggressive behaviour and Vica Versa.
1/3 (roughly) who observed the aggressive model repeated the models verbal responses while none of the non-aggressive model made verbally aggressive marks.

Follow up study of Bandura and Walters found that aggressive behaviour was more likely to be portrayed in those models who were rewarded for aggressive behaviour, so they showed more aggression in the own play when watching the models getting rewards.

Question 35

Genes (BA) -

Answer 35

Refers to part of a chromosome that carries information in the form of DNA, these genes can be seen to be heredity suggesting why offspring take after relatives, these genes carry instructions for a particular characteristic.

Question 36

Genotype and Phenotype -

Answer 36

G = genetic make up of an individual of all inherited genetic material.

P = The observable characteristics of individual.

Someone may have a recessive gene for blue eyes but will not be expressed as it is recessive, may have inherited a dominant gene of brown eyes from the other parent.

Question 37

Genetic basis of behaviour -

Answer 37

We all have different combinations of genetic instructions which are coded differently so we all have variations of genes called alleles.

Question 38

Biological structures (not genes) influence behaviour -

Answer 38

NS - Carries messages from one part of the body to another using nerve cells such as neurons many aspects of the behaviour are under neuronal control like breathing and eating.

Question 39

The Brain -

Answer 39

Largest part of the brain is cerebrum outer surface is called the cerebral cortex responsible for many higher order functions. Cerebrum is divided into 2 halves known as hemispheres with each other hemisphere further divided into 4 sub parts (lobes)

Question 40

Ivan Pavlov explored CC and used what and discovered -

Answer 40

Investigated salivary reflexes in dogs, he found that dogs did not only find when food was placed in their mouth they salivated but also stimuli which coincided with the presentation of food. (Presence of a bowl), this led him to explore these conditions of using food and this event a bell.

Question 41

Skinners research -

Answer 41

Developed a special cage in order to investigate operant conditioning in rats where it moves around a cage and it accidently presses the lever it deposits food pellets into a cage, it then begins to carry on pressing the lever to obtain more food until it eventually stops. The rat learns through its environment the idea of gaining food.

Question 42

Comparison of approaches focuses on 3 factors which separate them -

Answer 42

Deterministic, nature-nurture and scientific

Question 43

The cognitive approach concerns -

Answer 43

Information processing in ways we extract, store and retrieve information, recognises we cannot study it directly but indirectly through inferring which help develop theories about the mental processes that led to observed behaviour. These mental processes contribute to our understanding.

Question 44

Schemas -

Answer 44

Cognitive frameworks which refer to the material in entrained in the memory and through mental processes, it helps organise and interpret information, schemas are useful as they allow us to take shortcuts when interpreting huge amounts of info.

Question 45

Theoretical models -

Answer 45

E.G the MSM and the WMM, are simplified representations of current research evidence. They represent simplified models of the way internal processes work for example the way we store short and long term memories in the MSM.

Question 46

Computer models -

Answer 46

Processes of using computer analogies as representations of human cognition.

Question 47

Cognitive neuroscience -

Answer 47

Area of psychology which is primarily dedicated to underlying neural bases of cognitive functions. Study of mental processes through non-invasive brain scans it has allowed to show what parts of the brain become active under different circumstances for example Burnett found when people become guilty there prefrontal cortex are active which is twined with social emotions.