Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity

A
  • compliance
  • identification
  • internalisation
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2
Q

What are the 2 explaintuons for conformity

A
  • normative social influence - need to be accepted in social setting, seeking validation from others
  • informational social influence- unsure seeking validation for right answers thinking other ppl know more than u wanting to fit in
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3
Q

Evidence for NSI

A

Aschs study

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4
Q

What happened in Aschs study

A
  • 123 American male students asked to take part in “visual perception task”

• asked ppts if line A,B,C is closest to line x
• deception took place
• naive ppts sat in room w confederages and asked to identify length of line
• confederates told to answer wrongly

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5
Q

What are some of the outcomes of Aschs study

A

• 99% gave right answers when alone showing they trusted their own judgement

•36.8% of ppts gave wrong answers in trials

• 75% conformed in at least one trial

•25% never conformed

• conformity decreased when theee were 2 ppts together

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6
Q

A03 points ab Aschs study

A

•high internal validity, replicable

• lab experiment so variables were controlled there were no extraneous variables

• outcomes were scientific evidence

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7
Q

Limitations for Asch A03

A

• cannot be generalised due to lack of ecological validity + low mundane realism

• in a strictly controlled environment so outcomes doesng relate to real life settings

•only American men used doesng tell us ab other cultures

• ethical issues as ppts were deceived

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8
Q

Evidence for information social influence

A

• Lucas et al
• gave participants maths questions
• some participants labelled their maths ability as “poor”

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9
Q

Outcomes of Lucas et sl

A

• conformity rose when maths questions got harder as ppts didn’t want to seem wrong

• lucas et al supports achs study

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10
Q

Limitations to Lucas ey al A03

A

• often difficult to establish differences between NSI and ISI in real life

• doesn’t take into account individuals differences

• cannot explain why some ppl resist conformity

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11
Q

What was the aim of zimbardos study

A

• he wanted to see how people obeyed to social roles tosay

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12
Q

What happened in zimbardos experiment

A

• Stanford prison experiment
• posters put up to choose ppl randomly allocated as “prisoners” or “guards”
• both given uniform to differentiate between their social roles
• prisoners given prisoner clothes
• guards given khaki uniform w glasses to avoid eye contact w prisoners
•pots were given psychological test prior to experiment

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13
Q

Zimbardo A03 strength

A

Ppts allocated roles randomly increasing internal validity

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14
Q

Zimbardo A03 weaknesses

A

• lacks mundane realism wasnt realistic
• doesn’t take into acc individual diff as not all guards acted cruelly
•many ethical codes were broken

•ppts subjectsd to psychological harm
•right to withdraw became hard as Zimbardo was playing role of superintendent and got carried away

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15
Q

Example for explanation for obedience

A

Agentic shift- when we become agents to authority

When orders come from an authoritarian figure we deny personal responsibly as we think other person will take responsibility

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16
Q

What are the 2 opposing sets of demands milgrwm links to agentic shift that MILGRAM stated

A
  • external authority; authority of authoritarian figure
  • internal authority; authority of our own conscience
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17
Q

What is agentic shift

A

When a fully obedient person undergoes a psychological shift + see themselves as agents of authority

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18
Q

What is autonomous state

A

• opposite to agentic state
• individual has control over their own actions and can act according to their own principles
• has autonomy over own actions

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19
Q

A01 milgrams

A

• 40 American men at Yale asked to take part in experiment
• told it was a “memory test”
• 2 confederates to manipulate expedient
• one confederate was experimenter who posed at the legitimate authoritarian figure wearing a “white lab coat” to differentiate
• other confederate played the “learner” who was shocked
• electric shock machine intended to be used on learner if answered any questions wrong
• shock went up to 450 volts labelled “severe”
• experimenter would encourage the ppts to press the shock button

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20
Q

What was milgrwm aim

A

To see if ppl would obey a legitimate authoritarian figure even if task given was morally wrong

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21
Q

Milgrams findings A03

A

• 65% of ppl obeyed and shcoked all the way to 450 volts .. showing discomfort through body Lang however ppl would go to those lengths to obey

• only 12.5% of ppl stopped when confederate was in pain

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22
Q

Evaluate milgrams A03

A

• lab experiment variables highly controlled so it lacks ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY as it doesn’t relate to real life

• GENDER BIAS confederates and researchers both male and American if women used obedience levels may have dropped as sympathy

• breaks ethical codes as ppts deceived in multiple ways - allocation of roles by milgram was not random as milgrams confederates was always the learner
- milgram send dished ppts after

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23
Q

More on milgram A03

A

• milgrams experimenter displayed destructive obedience when encouraging teacher to continue shocks

• ppts displayed destructive obedience as they were uncomfortable via body language so they acted against their conscience

• the legitimacy of authority is supported by cultural differences
In countries such as Australia where obedience to authoritarian figures is lower obedience rates are also lower

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24
Q

Some variations to milgrams study and do they support his findings?

A

• milgrams variation where experiment was not wearing a lab coat- obedience levels dropped so supported experiment

• slater et al replicated experiment with a virtual learner on film - ppl still obeyed but heart rate rose indicating stress - destructive obedience shown again

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25
Q

Evaluation for milgram- agentic state

A

Agentic shift couldn’t explain y some ppts ( 12.5% ) didn’t obey as in theory they all should’ve been in agentic state
Cannot be used to explain all obedience

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26
Q

What did holland say about milgrams study

A

Ppts knew experiment wasn’t realistic as Yale was a prestigious uni wouldnt subject ppl to harm and said it was a “pact of ignorance”

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27
Q

Supporting study for milgram puppy

A

Charles et al
Conducted similar study ti milgrams

Ppts gave real shocks to puppy after orders from experimenter

• 54% of men and 100% of women delivered the “fatal” shock

28
Q

What’s another supporting piece of research for milgram study dr

A
  • hofling research
  • rang hospitals as “dr smith” and asked nurses to give 20mg of an unfamiliar drug to patients twice a day- exceeding amount allowed
  • 21/22 nurses obeyed order due to legitimate authoritarian figure
  • supports for situational variables proximity as said proximity makes obedience increase and otp caused ppl 2 still conform despite knowing consequences of drug

cant remember tho check kirans 16m

29
Q

Evaluation of hofling dr study

A

• high mundane realist validity
•conducted in real life setting
• high external validity

30
Q

What’s a supporting point ab milgrams study

A

• it had ethical issues however it can be argued as “cost benefit analysis” as the study benefitted society rather than scientific knowledge

• questionnaire given after to ppts and 84% said they were happy to partake in study

31
Q

Milgrams proximity variations

A

In original study learner and teacher were in diff rooms

• in proximity version they moved to same room
-findings obedience rate dropped from 65% to 40%

• in touch proximity varaition teacher had to force ppts hand into electric shock plate
-findings obedience dropped further 30%

• in remote instruction variation experimenter lefy room + gave instructions over phone
-findings obedience dropped to 20.5%

32
Q

Explanations for findings from variation studies

A

• decreased proximity allows ppl to psychologically distance themselves from the consequences of their own actions,
When this changes and they can physically witness their harm obedience becomes difficult

33
Q

What effect did milgram changing location to run down office block have on obedience

A

• rate dropped to 47.5%
• bevause ppts wrre more likely to be obedient in a uni setting as perception of experimenter is more legitimately authoritarian so obedience was expected

34
Q

What effect did uniform variation have on obedience in milgrams study

A

• experimenter replaced w “ordinary membe of public” and white lab coat not worn ( uniform)
• obedience dropped to lowest of variations 20%

Confirms that uniforms r associated as symbols of authority + thus encourages obedience as it makes them look like more legitimate authoritarian figures

35
Q

Key words to use when discussing obedience

A

• situational variables- features of immediate physical + social environment that could influence indicuwkd behaviour

  • proximity
  • location
  • uniform
36
Q

Why did milgrams study have low internal validity

A

• ppts nah have known it was a fake situation especially in uniform variation when experimenter was called away and replaced by passer by wearing casual clothes

• ppts could’ve just displayed demand characteristxs and did what they thought to please experimenter especially since they were being paid

• reduces validity of study

37
Q

What is authoritarian personality

A

• when obedience is thought to be due to personality as opposed to situational factors

38
Q

What are people with High external locus of control like

A
  • more likely to follow orders as they take less personal responsibility + more affected by what ppl tell tnem
39
Q

What r ppl w high internal locus of control like

A
  • more self directed less likely to follow orders from auth figure if they don’t agree w them
40
Q

What did Adorno do A01

A

Created a questionnaire called f scale (fascist scale) to test if ppl had authoritian personality
• he studied more than 2000 American men and their unconscious attudyiies towards ither racial groups

41
Q

What are some A03 findings of Adornos f scale

A

• ppl who scored highly had high respect for auth figures and ppl of hugh social status

• STRONG POSITIVE CORRELATION between authoritarianism + prejudice

42
Q

A03 evaluation of Adorno f scale

A

ELMS + milgrams interviewed original ppl who completely obeyed in milgrams study and given f scale - they overall scored higher than ppl who disobeyed

  • real life evidence for authoritarian persoanoitu of dictators
43
Q

Limitation of F scale

A

• a self report is open to social desirability and misuse

• greenstein stated that it was possible to get Hugh score just by putting agree as your answers which would invalidate f scale

44
Q

What did adornos authoritarian personality theory for obedience oppose

A

• milgrams idea that everyone is capable of extreme obedience- Adorno stated that Hugh levels of obedience was a psychological disorder of personality

45
Q

What is one way ppl can resist conforming or obeying

A

• social support

46
Q

What is social support

A

• when resisting pressure to confirm ; becomes easier when other ppl r also resisting
• if other ppl are not conforming it’s seen as social support and allows person to follow their own conscience

  • if resisting pressure to obey seen as challenging legitimate authority figure
47
Q

What’s a study done to show social support

A

Albrecht

• evaluated a programme designed to help preggo teens stop smoking
- social support provided to one group in form of an older mentor

  • other control group did not have a mentor
48
Q

What was the findings from albrechts social support study

A

• teenagers w social support figure in form of older mentor were less likely to smoke than ppl without mentor

• shows that social support can helps younger ppl resist social influence in real life
- thus has stringer practical applications

49
Q

What is locus of control

A

Extent we have control over our own actions behaviour n life

50
Q

What is external locus of control

A
  • when person feels they do not have control over own behaviour and believe life controlled via external factors
51
Q

What is internal locus of control

A
  • when person feels control over own life and behaviour
52
Q

What kind of locus of control can resists conformity the most

A

High internal locus of control r able to resist pressure to conform and obey .. more self confident

53
Q

A03 locus of control

A

Holland repeated milgrams study found that

•37% of those ppt who measured to have high internal locus of comfort did not continue to electric shock which was higher than those w high external locus of control

54
Q

Limitation to A03 locus of control holland

A

• rotter suggested our locus of control onky has influence in new situations

If they had prevsuoky obeyed they r likely to do it again no matter their internal or external locus of controls

55
Q

What is minority influence

A

• small group of ppl or even individual changes beliefs and attitudes of majority

  • opposite of conformity where majority influences minority
56
Q

WHO discovered the 3 main processes of minority influence

A

Moscovici

57
Q

What are the 3 main processes of minority influence + explain

A

• consistency- must stay consistent w views as it increases interest from other ppl and makes them rethink their own opinions -
2 types of consistency :
•synchronic consistency where they’re all saying same thing
• diachoronic consistency- saying same thing for long periods of time

2) commitment- minority must show commitment to views can even engage in extreme actions -
- partaking in extreme makes others think minority rlly believe in views and results to them rethinking personal views CALLED ARGUMENTATION PRINCIPLE

3) flexibility- minority need to be able to adapt their views and accept reasonable COUNTER opinions
- must have balance between flexibility and consistency

58
Q

What r the 2 types of consistency in minority influence as mentioned by moscovici

A

• synchronic consistency- all saying same thing

• diachronic consistency- saying same thing over long periods of rime

59
Q

What is the term for when ppl rethink their own personal opinions in minority influence

A

• augmentation principle

60
Q

What is social change

A

Shift in societies beliefs behaviours and attitudes

Minority influence is driving force behind societal change

61
Q

What effect is ir when ppl slowly change to minority influence

A

Snowball effect

62
Q

What type of social influence do minorities often use for social change

A

• informed social influence, to change majorities beliefs to lead to internalisation

63
Q

What is social cryptoamnesia ( good keyword to use)

A

Ppl who held older unpopular beliefs deny holding the old beliefes or that they resisted change

64
Q

Exam tip on social change

A

• think of examples where social change has occurred Nd link it to psychology of minority influence / social change

• examples such as smoking in public attitudes changed
Attitudes towards lgbt
Recuyckung

• and use key terms such as cryptoamensia, snowball effect, augmentation principle as welll as role of government

65
Q

tip for authoritarian personality

A

The authoritarian personality is a dispositional explanation of obedience which can be contrasted with situational explanations in AO3 exam responses. For example, you may be asked a longer question on situational explanations for obedience. By using the authoritarian explanation as a counterpoint to situational explanations you are demonstrating critical thinking i.e. using one theory as an alternative explanation for the behaviour (obedience)

66
Q
A