Attachments Flashcards

Question

Field. S study on role of father CA

Answer 1

• found that if father was main PCG from before attachments began ( before 6 months ) then they’d take maternal role • were seen to be more nurturing and caring than traditional father role • shows there’s flexibility in role of father + how men can respond to the diff needs of their child

Answer 2

* diff research seems to state diff facts ab fatherhood; all looking for diff things so results r inconsistent Questions raised like - if we believe fathers r vital to infant development what happens if child has no father? - why don’t more men become PCG if they r capable from field study. - is it a nature or nurturant issue as men lack estrogen or maybe they r less socialised to take caring role - socially sensitive. Research that argues the role of the mother cannot be replaced by the father may lead to father led single families and families with two fathers feeling they cannot fully provide for the needs of infants, - while research that suggests father's can provide that role may give all father's the confidence to take a more active role in their child's caregiving. - There are economic implications to research assessing the importance of the father's role; this could lead to legislation that ensures equal paternity and maternity leave. While this may reduce the number of males in the workforce, reduce economic activity, and place pressure on businesses, equalising maternity and paternity leave should help to address the gender pay gap, which is in part due to the need to extend absences by mothers caring for their infants.

Answer 3

• children need both parents so it’s not a case of only one parent being better suited

Answer 4

• paternity/ maternity leave • custody of children- men having more equality • role modelling parental skills in young men • more societal acceptance of single father

Answer 5

Important to know one study into role of father in sufficient depth for a 4m answer Dw too much ab remembering name of psychologists • u can use several other studies in less depth for 8/16 markers

Answer 6

• both Lorenz + Harlow mentioned on spec must know in detail as any q can come up

Answer 7

• used imprinting w goslings • made sure he was the first living adult that experimental group of newborn goslings introduced to

Answer 8

* goslings followed lorenz around even when in presence of their actual Goose mother * indicates critical period of 32 hours in which animate beings attach to another being - suggests if this period is lost then attachments may never happen

Answer 9

• idea that some species attach to first moving object they see when they’re born • idea found more in ducks n birds • suggests attachments are innate if they’re formed from in such a quick time period ( seconds) - poses question if attachments r innate in humans

Answer 10

• 12 fertilised eggs and spilt into 2 groups • one group is control group that remained w mother until hatched • 2nd experimental group placed in incubator and Lorenz was first thing they saw once hatched • Lorenz goslings folllwed him everywhere and even as adults thiught Lorenz was the mother

Answer 11

* supports idea of critical period as found goslings needed to imprint within 30 hours or attachment not possible * later supports bowlbys idea of humans critical period of 30 months * humans r more complex tho so attachments aren’t as quick in humans birds have diff survivable requirements and mature faster than humans * study high ecological validity as it was a filed study * high replicable and reliable as repeated * small sample size tho might limit generalisability * human attachments need to take longer as mothers wellbeing after having baby needs time * however it’s encouraged for mother to spend time w baby once born to encourage developments to begin - provides biological expl

Answer 12

• wanted to look at how infant monkeys attached to mothers • baby monkeys taken from mums as soon as born • places in cage w two surrogate mothers - one made of comfortable cloth and ither wire • wired monkey had milk- food • monkey spent most time w clothed mother only going to wired one for food • if monkey was scared would go to clothed monkey for security and comfort • used clothed mother as safe space to explore cage • CONCLUDED FROM THIS THAT INFANTS NEEDED COMFORT MORE THAN FOOD FOR ATTACHMENT

Answer 13

• v influential as prior research thought attxhemnts formed due to food but now can see that comfort is important • unethical experiment, monkeys had irreparable damage in adulthood as they suffered psychological harm often self harmed and couldn’t attach to own offspring • highlighted need for responsive caregiver to meet needs of baby monkey • questions ab validity- is it rlly attachment? • not reliable as it should never and won’t ever be repeated

Answer 14

* how much of this can we apply to humans as we r much more advanced * clear diff in species and would be wrong to generalise to human babies w out more evidence * some may argue Harlow study is more similar to humans as monkeys used - practical applications e.g immediate physical contact post brith - Lorenz critical period highly influential bowl by argued this period in humans was 6-30 months and if no attachments by this time then social problems arise - if talking ab ethics remember doesnt affect validity

Answer 15

We’re attached to our mothers coz she gives us food and so we associate them to meeting our basic physical needs

Answer 16

• all behaviour including attachments can be explained by classical & operant conditioning

Answer 17

Learning via association When two stimuli are presented multiple times such as food (unconditioned) and the mother (neutral) The feeling of pleasure (unconditioned response) starts to become associated with the mother (conditioned stimulus). Now the pleasure (conditioned) happens whenever the mother appears

Answer 18

Learning through trial error and consequence or patterns of reinforcement which make behaviours more or less likely to happen Eg. When babies cry and are hungry parent gives food to stop baby crying Makes babies think food comes for crying association (positive reinforcement) Also on parents (negative reinforcement) so when baby cries it’s a negative stimulus for parent so to remove they go for babies needs

Answer 19

Primary or secondary drives • can say it’s a secdonary drive coz babies want to be attached only coz it’s linked to primary drive • primary - biological drives eg. Food,sex • secondary- still drives but through learnt interactions eg. Money, Process of attachment can be used to satisfy primary drives in babies (satisfies primary drives of getting food)

Answer 20

* clear and believable theory for attachment. Backed up by well controlled research * has strong face validity makes sense that babies learn - Learning theory applied to human attachment behaviour is seen as environmentally reductionist. Behaviourists argue complex interactions between caregivers and their infants are just the result of simplistic stimulus associations, learnt responses and patterns of reinforcement. Most parents would say their relationship with their children is more complicated, and they consciously choose to care for their infants.

Answer 21

* learning theories applied to human feelings of attachment seen as environmentally r very reductionist too simple * harlows monkey is COUNTER ARGU research on monkeys goes against learning theory as attached to comfort which wasn’t necessary for comfort so wasn't instinctual * alternate theories suggest we don’t depend on learning theory- bowlbys mono tropic theory shows we have innate instinctual drive to form attachment to PCG

Answer 22

Innate critical period, continuity, social releasers, internal working model , Monotropy

Answer 23

• babies r born w ability to form attachments to PCG • more of a biological aspect • if babies don’t attach to PCG genetically survival die / if we don’t attach to baby

Answer 24

• period where babies must attach to PCG • if they don’t attachment can never form as adult • between 9months-3 years • later changed to sensitive period as it is not seen to be ideal not ESSENTIAL • research has show that attachments can develop later in childhood

Answer 25

• attachments that infants create in infancy follow throughout life • “securely attached ppl have secure stable relationships”

Answer 26

• baby cueing, giggling, crying, laughing • Bowlby believed these aren’t learnt like classical conditioning states but innate - babies are born with these traits to seem more cute so human forms attachment and provides love

Answer 27

• schema one has ab them self • thought that internal relationship u have w urself will determine how u feel ab future relationships w others

Answer 28

• idea that u only form one main attachment over life • will be initial attachment to PCG and this will form as a template for future relationshops • opposite is multiple attachments schefferosn & Emerson stduy

Answer 29

* Lorenz goslings support INNATE as attached so quickly - REAL LIFE APPLICATION * biological evidence for critical period- developing fetus needs to have developed limbs by day 28.. if there r biological “milestones” that need 2 be reached then why not psychological ones? * CONTINUITY- supported by hazan& shaver love quiz * ainsworth supports idea of MONOTROPY from Ugandan study as she found infants there also attached to one main fig

Answer 30

* critical period thoight 2 be too strict now seen as ideal but children can also attach later name changes to “sensitive period” rutter found that children in romanian orphanage study were able to attach at stages above 3 years goes against critical period THEREFORE NAME CHANGEd to sensitive period - The continuity hypothesis suggests quality of infant attachment can predict those infants' later adult relationship styles due to the development of the internal working model. This is highly deterministic; ppl like to think that they have complete conscious control over their relationships, including responsibility for the success of rsp not that this is set in infancy * Thomas argues that range of carers for infant makes more sense as they can assist w development + protection * van ijzendoorn also argues that other ppl can enrich infants life * ALPHA BIAS SUGGESTS mother is montropic and after is provider which lacks temporal validating as today both parents involved just as much -other ppl can assist w child’s life and development in ways mother cannot - doesn’t support monotropy

Answer 31

• Rutter found in his study of Romanian orphans children had been kept in horrendous conditions w minimal contact w adults • therefore ability to form attachments had been limited greatly • however it was found that when they were adopted into stable homes attachments began to forms even tho children were older than 2.5 years • rutter admitted it did take time however attachments were formed by time children were 7/8 years old • theory of critical period greatly challenged • as a result of study name changed to sensitive period meaning it is ideal to attach early but not essential

Answer 32

• if an infant had secure attachment they grow up feeling loved by PCG and know they r worthy of being loved • IWM will b positive and tells they they should be loved • later life they expect ppl to treat them well as this is how they were treated as infant • if someone treats them badly they find it easier to cope w and can accept it may not be their fault

Answer 33

• if infant had this attachment Thor they will have felt ignored by PCG and so will ignore them back to avoid being hurt • IWM will lead to them ignoring to protect themselves so they have low self worth • won’t let themselves get close to others • prolly end relationship first so they can deal with lost more easily • IWM makes it hard for them to have fulfilling relationship

Answer 34

• would have grown up believing they had to make a fuss to get attention • as PCG was ambivalent one day loving one day cold they learnt they have to cry and make a fuss to feel loved and gain attention • IWM would make them be clingy and possessive to get attention from sig other • this could drive lol away from them • if they are rejected their IWM will make them believe they need 2 try harder to win person back; in reality making it worse

Answer 35

• Mary main interviewed a lot of ppts ab their childhood and their later relationships from this she developed a theory of adult attachment types • main found a link between childhood attachment styles + adult attachment styles - supporting internal working model

Answer 36

• for IWM give examples to clarify what u mean eg. • insecure avoidant person iwm may have formed to tell them they aren’t worthy of love coz of this they will push ppl away resulting in damaged relationships

Answer 37

• lab observation designed to measure quality of attachment and differences in attachments in infants • observed 100 middle class infants from us nursery •

Answer 38

• standardised took containing chairs, toys one way mirror so psychologists could film + observe w out being seen - covert ( I think) • room was standardised so furniture and toys were always in same place + all ppts had same layout • only mum was used as PCG • mother and infant left to play + child encouraged to explore • stranger enters room and attempts to interact w infant • mother leaves whilst stranger in room • mother returns + stranger leaves • mother leaves •stranger returns • mother returns and stranger leaves

Answer 39

* type B secure 70% of infants were classified as secure infants use mother as safe base as they explore their environment. They show moderate level of stranger anxiety, and when separated from mum, they show separation anxiety, but a happy reunion response allows them to settle quickly back to exploration. Caregivers show sensitive responsiveness. * type A insecure avoidant- 15% of infants were classified as insecure avoidant infants keep distance from mother, not using her as a secure base but exploring freely. The infant displays low stranger anxiety. If their mothers leave the room, they have low separation anxiety; when Mum returns, they are indifferent, not attempting to get comfort from her. Their Mothers seem to show little sensitive responsiveness to their infants needs. * type C insecure resistant 15% infants dont explore and r clingy high stranger & separation anxiety when mother leaves baby is unsettled and when back baby still unsettled mother seems to b inconsistent w sensitive responsiveness

Answer 40

• mothers behaviour towards infant predicts attachment type • she called this caregiver sensitivity hypothesis • the fact that the majority of infants in stidy were securely attached supports this hypothesis

Answer 41

• mothers behaviour towards infant predicts attachment type

Answer 42

• very reliable as easily replicable everything was standardised • also inter- rated reliability as more than one observer used and experiment was filmed • Independent observers come to same classifications of attachment as orginal observers in a study completed by waters

Answer 43

* population validity is low as small sample size and ppts were from same socio economic and geographical locations So results couldn’t be generalised * lacked ecological validity- tasks DONR represent tasks competed by caregiver-infants in real life * what if mother was not PCG? Questions could be asked * is strange situation valid in other countries? Ainsworth judging children in western standards kay not be applicable to other cultures where child rearing practices r diff eg Japan ethnocentric

Answer 44

• practice explaining this study for a range of question lengths

Answer 45

• insecure avoidant • insecure resistant • secure

Answer 46

• infants happy 2 explore room and play using PCG as safe base • distressed when PCG left showing separation anxiety • infant avoided stranger so showed no stranger anxiety • on reunion w PCG were very happy and not upset anymkre

Answer 47

• infants happy to explore room and play did not refer to PCG as they did this • showed no signs of distress once PCG left no separation anxiety • infant treated stranger same as they would w PCG showed no stranger anxiety • on reunion w PCG ignored them

Answer 48

• least common after insecure resistant • infant did not explore room and reluctant to leave PCG side in case they were left • didstressed when PCG left demonstrating separation anxiety • infant avoided stranger showing stranger anxiety • on reunion of PCG could not calm down • resisted PCG attempts to calm them down even tho they wanted the return of PCG

Answer 49

• other researchers around world found similar results to ainswortg in terms of attachment types • strong evidence for impact of attachment on later relationships eg. Bowlbg continuity hypothesis & Shavan & Havers love quiz

Answer 50

• too reductionist- humans r more complex • main et al found a dough type of infant who didn’t fit in any category • these infants froze in experiment or showed behaviours not noted down by Mary ainsworth • main categorised them as type D disorganised- which were kids who had some kind of abuse in early infancy • fact that 4th category was found after 16 years of experiment raises questions ab what else was missed

Answer 51

• try to use worde to show comparisons if asked to compare two attachment types “ in contrast to, however, but”

Answer 52

Ainsworth study criticised for being ethnocentric and had no cultural variety So strange sit was replicated over next decade across countries to see if data examined represented other countries and cultures

Answer 53

• conducted meta analysis of strnage sit experiments that other researchers conducted across clove • use of meta analysis was advagange as it meant ijzendoorn et al did not have time and costs associated w travel aswell as Lang barriers • took 32 studies from 8 countries to gain idea of attachment types in other cultures

Answer 54

• when u take work of several other researchers and combine their data to come to conclusions of own

Answer 55

• secure attachments were most common found attachment in all countries studied • insecure avoidant is second most common attachment type in western industrialised society’s • insecure resistant is second most common in non western societies

Answer 56

• method quicker and cheaper than alternatives • meta analysis allows researched to obtain data from countries where Lang barrier is an issue eg. China, Japan • study reliable as it can be replicated • large sample size from variety of places - results can be generalised as data is representative

Answer 57

• hard to check validity of some of studies as researchers have no way of knowing if data was collected scientifically • lots of countries and continents missing • can we really heralise • imbalance of studies used there are so many for US that those results are also the men’s of the whole study • Chinese only had 25 infants so we are using tiny sample to represent around 20% of global population • takahashi found that Japanese infants were often type C insecure resistant as they were rearely lefy by PCG so strange sit was terrifying to them • if strange sit is not valid in Japan due to child rearing differences is it valid elsewhere? Questions raised

Answer 58

If examiner asking for findings it is rare they’ll ask results for individual countries. They’re referring to us 4 findings listed above Second most common attachment type in diff countries Need 2 know ab tends eg. Germany has highest type Aans Japan/ Israel💩 have highest type C Give examples of using it in context

Answer 59

When an attachment is broken between an infant and their mother - PCG

Answer 60

M- monotropy M- maternal deprivation, when child is away from mother deprived of PCG presence has consequences on emotional & intellectual development S- separation- child nor in presence do not have signif impact on child’s development D- deprivation, when child is deprived of PCG as whole or elements of emotional care which leads to developmental issues. They have had PCG but it has been interrupted oermenatly P- privation, child never had PCG attachment to begin w so can never form attachment

Answer 61

• delayed social development, behaviour outside of social norms • delayed intellectual development- low IQ • delayed emotional development- could not experience guilt or strong emotion KNOWN AS AFFECTION-LESS PSYCHOPATHY bowlby stated • affection less psychopaths lack reminders for actions

Answer 62

To examine links between maternal deprivation and affection less psychopathy

Answer 63

• 44 ppts consisting of teenage criminals accused of stealing • ppts interviewed for signs of affection less psychopathy • researchers also interviewed the ppts families to see if there was prolonged separation (deprivation) from mother • control group of 44 non criminal teenagers who had emotional problems also assessed to see how maternal depriv affected children who weren’t thieves

Answer 64

• 14 of thieves could be described as affection less psychopaths • 12 of the 14 had been affected by prolonged separation from their mothers in first 2 years of their lives • only 2 in non criminal group subjected to prolonged separation • none in control group diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths

Answer 65

• suggested that affectuonless psychopathsy and thieves behaviour r linked to periods of separation experienced from PCG

Answer 66

• very influential study- led to many policy changes around institutions on howbtreated children • improving child welfare and ensuring becamekey part of child welfare policies • children in hospital were allowed to have PCG w them whereas before only allowed in visiting hours • also increase in ratio of childcare workers per child + children allocated key worker who would be w them during hospital stay • Gao et al partitially supported bowlbg showing poor quality of maternal care is linked w high rates of psychopaths in adults

Answer 67

• researcher bias- bowlbg himself carried out interviews and research which means he alr knew what he wanted to look for • bowlby used alot of animal research to determine behaviour and applied it to human- however humans r more complex and have signif biological differences which show they cannot be compared • bowlby confused early experiences of deprivation & privation •Rutter drew a dinsgicnt difference between them & pointed out sever damage bowlby suggested happens w deprivation is actually more likely due to privation • most attempts to replicate Bowlbys study have failed to produce similar results lewis found no association between separation & psychopathy in 500 ppl she studied

Answer 68

• during 1990s im pics of horrific living conditions of Romania orphans came out and had rlly poor emotional care

Answer 69

• having lived in an institution like setting/ hospital or orphanage for continuous periods of time w no emotional care

Answer 70

• longitudinal study on 165 romanian orphans adopted by British parents

Answer 71

• children split into 4 groups - group 1: 58 children between ages of 6 months - group 2: 59 children between ages of 6-24 months - group 3: 48 children over 48 months - group 4: 52 british adoptees were the control group Each group assessed at ages of 4,6,11&15 • at start of study over half of Romania Orphans had severe malnutrition and low IQ showing delayed intellectual development compared to control group

Answer 72

• age 6- those adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachments ( overly friendly behaviour towards unknown adults) • age 11- 54% of those children who were adopted after 6 months who showed disinhibited behaviour still showed disinhibited attachment • symptoms of this attachment= attention seeking, clinginess directed specifically at adults • age of adoption was also key factor in attachment type- those adopted before 6 months showed signs of secure normal attachment whereas those older than 6 months displayed disinhibited attachment • age 11: found a significant difference between those children adopted before 6 months compared to those later in terms of attachment style & IQ • mean IQ for adopted before 6 months was 102 compared with 86 for between 6-24 months mean score fell to 77 for those adopted after 2 years

Answer 73

• adoption after first 6 months of life means child will have longer term effects of institutionalisation • however recovery is possible if they r able to form attachments - may be slower development rather than irreversible • challenges Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation as Rutter shows recovery is possible • found that children as old as 9/10 made good recovery if adopted by sensitive loving parents

Answer 74

• referring to privation BUT MUST LINK TO AN INSITUTUON in response eg. Orphanage of Childs home Learn Rutters study coz it’s in spec

Answer 75

• policy changes made due to research of negative effects insitukagionakaton can have eg. Children’s homes now avoid having large numbers of caregivers for each child and instead have one or two “key workers” who play central role in their emotional care • Romanian study allowed psychologists to study cause & effect which is hard to do w adoption studies as those who were adopted have been removed for abuse/ neglect reasons which was not the case in this study • lack of confounding variables in Romania orphanage study- had been handed over by loving parents who couldn’t afford to keep them

Answer 76

• hodges & tizard stated adverse effects of institutionalisation could be reversed if children were adopted by effective families and were provided w good care. Found that children who had been adopted by good families often coped better on measured of behavioural & peer rtsnps rather than those returned to biological families • could lack external validity as quality of care was so poor that it cannot be compared to others- means harmful effects reprenstated could be coz of poor care rather than poor institutional care in general • children’s were not randomly allocated to conditions in this study which means more sociable children could have been adopted first. • lack of adult data on adult development.

Answer 77

• suggests further relationships will follow pattern based on template of attachment w PCG

Answer 78

• asked ppl to respond to love quiz in newspaper quiz examined feelings in a romantic relationship • ppts also completed questions on their childhood relationships w their parents and attachment types • 728 ppts split into 2 groups • group 1: 205 men& 415 women • group 2: 38 men& 50 women Categorised ppts in 3 categories from responses • secure- balanced between closeness & indepedneves • avoidant- avoiding closeness • anxious- clingy doesng cope well w personal independece

Answer 79

• secure • avoidant • anxious

Answer 80

• found correlation between adult relationships and attachment types • securely attached adults believed in long lasting love were less likely to divorce •insecure attachments more likely to report loneliness • suggests link between childhood attachments and adult relationships

Answer 81

• studied 40 adult women who had been assessed as children in their early attachemenr types • those who had been assessed as securely attached as infants had most secure and best adult friendships •those seen as insecure and resistant struggled to maintain friendships • those as insecure avoidant struggled w intimate relationships • research supports bowlbky & Hazan & shavar

Answer 82

Research shown that attachment styles can impact a child’s relationship at school and whether they experience bullying

Answer 83

* studied 198 children from london aged 7-11 to complete questionnaire * found insecure avoidant children more likely to be bullied whereas insecure resistant more likely to be bullies ¥ felt that children who had insecure attachments had more issues fitting in could lead to bullying as they were perceived as different * children w secure attachments had positive internal working model so had healthy outlook on relationships helping them stay away from bullies and bullying

Answer 84

• internal working model had practical real life application- makes sense • understanding why a child or adult may be struggling due to attxhamenr types allows room for support • may help others who were not securely attached reach stability in future relationships

Answer 85

• self report techniques which were used can be less valid as ppts may under or over exaggerate - in quiz • difficult to establish cause & effect as it is a correlation further research would be required • may aslp be bias in type of person who replies in advert in newspapers- maybe recently ended relationship and wanted to vent

Answer 86

• this left of spec later relationships could also mean childhood and refer to instances of bullying in school • later childhood relationships may not be relevant to Hazan & shaver study

Answer 87

adult caregiver correctly works out what child wants and works hard to give to them e.g milk/ change nappy when cry

Answer 88

talking to baby in. sing song manner to keep attention

Answer 89

- in past baby taken away from mum when jus delivered but now drs allow skin to skin contact to ensure bonding

Answer 90

meltzpff & Moore

Answer 91

Many studies use multiple observers, blind to the true aims of the experiment to provide inter-rater reliability or even use complex camera systems to document and slow down micro-sequences of interactions between caregivers and infants. This high control of infant studies indicates high internal validity. coz infants cant communication behaviour. a lot of inferences made which aint scientific social sensitivity is a concern when investigating childrearing techniques, including norms around caregiver-infant interactions; some women may find their life choices criticised, such as mothers who go bak 2 work quickly after birth not being able 2 develop high interactional synchrony w child