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Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Obedience

A

Following of an explicit order or command given by someone

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2
Q

Following of an explicit order or command given by someone

A

Obedience

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3
Q

Explanations for obedience

A

agentic state and legitimacy of authority, and situational variables affecting obedience including proximity, location and uniform

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4
Q

People may resist pressures to conform or obey if they have support from a dissenter (someone who disagrees with the majority or refuses to obey)

A

Social support

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5
Q

Social change

A

Social change refers to the ways in which a society (rather than an individual) develops over time to replace beliefs, attitudes and behaviour with new norms and expectations.

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6
Q

Agentic state

A

A mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting for an authority figure.

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7
Q

A mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting for an authority figure.

A

Agentic state

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8
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

A Type of personality that Adorno argued was especially susceptible to obeying authority figures
As they have a great deal of respect for authority figures

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9
Q

A Type of personality that Adorno argued was especially susceptible to obeying authority figures

A

Authoritarian personality

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10
Q

The way that minority influence is more likely to occur if the minority shows dedication to their position

A

Commitment

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11
Q

Commitment

A

If the ninety suffer social pressures and abuse from the majority and stay the course they would be deemed committed by the majority bringing more attention to the group

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12
Q

A type of conformity where individuals publicly go along with the majority view but privately disagree with it

A

Compliance

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13
Q

Compliance

A

A type of conformity where individuals publicly go along with the majority view but privately disagree with it
Often temporary

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14
Q

yielding to group pressures

A

Conformity

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15
Q

Conformity

A

yielding to group pressures

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16
Q

The message that is sent out by a minority if the message stays consistent after social pressures the majority will possibly start paying attention as it gives the impression that are convinced they’re right creating doubt

A

Consistency

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17
Q

Consistency

A

The message that is sent out by a minority if the message stays consistent after social pressures the majority will possibly start paying attention as it gives the impression that are convinced they’re right creating doubt

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18
Q

Diachronic Consistency

A

Consistency over time

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19
Q

Dispositional explanation

A

focus on internal characteristics that lie within the individual (e.g. personality) that lead them to be more or less likely to follow the orders of an authority figure

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20
Q

focus on internal characteristics that lie within the individual (e.g. personality) that lead them to be more or less likely to follow the orders of an authority figure

A

Dispositional explanations

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21
Q

the way in which minority influence is more likely to occur if the minority is willing to compromise

A

Flexibility

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22
Q

Flexibility

A

If a minority is seen to be flexible in their message and cause they will be seen as reasonable. Groups that’s refuse to listen or change won’t be seen as a viable group for society so won’t be accepted

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23
Q

A type of conformity where individuals adopt the behaviour of the group because we value the group membership

A

Identification

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24
Q

Identification

A

A type of conformity where individuals adopt the behaviour of the group because we value the group membership
Don’t necessarily agree and will last as long as membership

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25
Q

where a person conforms because they have a desire to be right

A

Informational social influence

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26
Q

Informational social influence

A

A change of behaviour in order to be correct. In situations where we are unsure of the correct response we look to others who are better informed and use their lead as a guide
ISI is done for cognitive reasons

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27
Q

Type of conformity where individuals take on the expressed view publicly and privately as they accept it as correct

A

Internalisation

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28
Q

Internalisation

A

Type of conformity where individuals take on the expressed view publicly and privately as they accept it as correct deepest level and leads to a permanent change in behaviour
‘True conformity’

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29
Q

Milgram suggested that we are more likely to obey a person who has a higher position or status in a social hierarchy.

A

Legitimacy of authority

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30
Q

Legitimacy of authority

A

Milgram suggested that we are more likely to obey a person who we perceive to be in a higher position or status in a social hierarchy.

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31
Q

Locus of control

A

Rotter- the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces, have control over the outcome of events in their lives.

People with a high ILOC are more resistant as they believe they’re in control and have more he self confidence to resist

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32
Q

a form of social influence that is attributed to exposure to a consistent minority position in a group

A

Minority influence

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33
Q

Minority influence

A

When a consistent, committed and flexible minority group influence a majority into social change

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34
Q

conform in order to be liked and accepted by people

A

Normative social influence

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35
Q

Normative social influence

A

A change of behaviour to avoid punishment (such as going along with school rules) and gain rewards (getting people to like you) NSI is done for cognitive reasons

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36
Q

compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another’s authority

A

Obedience

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37
Q

Obedience

A

compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another’s authority

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38
Q

The ways in which individuals attempt to withstand perceived attempts to threaten freedom of choice

A

Resistance to social influence

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39
Q

Resistance to social influence

A

The ways in which individuals attempt to withstand perceived attempts to threaten freedom of choice

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40
Q

environment or the people around you who might make you more or less obedient.

A

Situation variables

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41
Q

Situational variables

A

environment or the people around you who might make you more or less obedient.

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42
Q

how small actions can cause bigger and bigger actions, ultimately resulting in a big impact

A

Snowball effect

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43
Q

Snowball effect

A

Gradually others are drawn to the message and numbers increase, first internalisation gets people on board then it becomes the norm

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44
Q

changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social institutions

A

Social change

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45
Q

Social change

A

changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social institutions

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46
Q

a failure to remember the origin of a change, in which people know that a change has occurred in society, but forget how this change occurred

A

Social-crypto amnesia

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47
Q

Social-crypto amnesia

A

a failure to remember the origin of a change, in which people know that a change has occurred in society, but forget how this change occurred

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48
Q

a socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of persons who occupy a certain social position or belong to a particular social category

A

Social roles

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49
Q

Social roles

A

a socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of persons who occupy a certain social position or belong to a particular social category

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50
Q

When people are more likely to disobey because other people are

A

Social support

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51
Q

Social support

A

The presence of others who resist pressure to conform or obey helps others to do the same

Breaks unanimity of a group, creating a divergence of opinion challenging legitimacy of authority

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52
Q

consistency between its members

A

Synchronic consistency

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53
Q

Synchronic consistency

A

consistency between its members

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54
Q

the extent that members of a majority agree with one another

A

Unanimity

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55
Q

Unanimity

A

the extent that members of a majority agree with one another

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56
Q

Aschs study aim

A

Study into the extent to which social pressure from a majority would make people conform

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57
Q

Study into the extent to which social pressure from a majority would make people conform

A

Aschs study aim

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58
Q

Aschs study procedure

A

123 American men in groups of 7-9 with confederates said to say out loud what line of the comparison lines was the same length as line X

12 of 18 critical trials 6 said longer and 6 said shorter

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59
Q

Variables investigated by asch

A

Group size

Unanimity

Task difficulty

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60
Q

Aschs study findings

A

On average a Participants confirmed 36.8% of the time
25% of participants never conformed
5% conformed on every trial

ISI- some ppl doubted vision
NSI- knew they were right but didn’t want to stand out

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61
Q

Asch difficulty of task

A

Made difference between lines smaller

Increased conformity because of ISI

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62
Q

Group size asch

A

1 confederate = 3%
2 confederate =12.8%
3 confederate =32%

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63
Q

Asch unanimity

A

Disturbed unanimity = decrease in conformity

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64
Q

Zimbardo procedure

A

Set up a mock prison under Stanford uni
75 applicants who answered ad given personality test to eliminate psychological problems
24 men judged to be most stable $15 a day
Prisoners arrested at their homes without warning
Stripped and had all possessions taken
Guards were dressed in uniform and given shades

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65
Q

Zimbardo results

A

Stopped after 6 days
Guards used physical and psychological abuse
Within a day guard hit prisoner
Ringleaders of revolt were put in shoe
As prisoners became more submissive guards became more aggressive

66
Q

Strengths of Zimbardo study

A

Reliability (standardised)
Practical application (explains around of person behaviour)
Mundane realism (arresting in public etc)

67
Q

Weaknesses of Zimbardo

A

Generalisability
Temporal validity (1973)
Ethics - led to ethical guidelines
Demarncharacteristics

68
Q

Destructive obedience

A

When we obey an order to do something immoral or harmful

69
Q

When we obey an order to do something immoral or harmful

A

Destructive obedience

70
Q

Adolf Eichmann

A

Denied any responsibility for playing a key role in ordering death of millions of Jews

“I was just doing my job”

71
Q

Denied any responsibility for playing a key role in ordering death of millions of Jews

“I was just doing my job”

A

Adolf Eichmann

72
Q

Milgrams participants

A

40 American male volunteers

30-50 years old

73
Q

4 prods used by milgram

A

1) please continue
2)the experiment requires you to continue
3)it’s absolutely essential you continue
4)you have no other choice but to continue

74
Q

How many of Milgrams particiapnts went to 300v

A

100%

75
Q

How many of Milgrams participants stopped at 300v

A

12.5%

76
Q

How many of Milgrams participants went to 450V

A

65%

77
Q

Qualitative results of Milgrams study

A

Participants showed signs of extreme tension with 3 even having seizures

78
Q

2 strengths of Milgrams study

A

+ Reliability (standardised procedures)

+ practical applications (understanding behaviour)

+ helped German stereotypes

79
Q

3 weaknesses of milgrams study

A
  • generalisability (androcentric)
  • external validity

-ethics

80
Q

Out of 18 variations what did Milgram say were the 3 main situational factors affecting obedience

A

Loss of uniform

Location

Proximity

81
Q

Uniform situational variable

A

Original = lab coat

Variation= no lab coat

82
Q

Location situational variable (milgram)

A

Original = Yale university

Variation= run down offence block in Bridgeport

83
Q

Proximity situational variable

A

Original = seperate rooms

Variation= L+T in same room

Variation2= experimenter on the phone

84
Q

Uniform variation results Milgram

A

20% obedience level

85
Q

Location variation result Milgram

A

47.5% obedience level

86
Q

Proximity L+T in same room results Milgram

A

40% obedience

87
Q

Proximity teacher on phone results Milgram

A

20.5% obedience level

88
Q

Bickman

A

Asked passers to do unusual orders in uniform and in street clothes (picking litter or giving money away)

Uniform= 92% obedience

Non-uniform= 49% obedience

89
Q

Asked passers to do unusual orders in uniform and in street clothes (picking litter or giving money away)

A

Bickman

Uniform= 92% obedience

Non-uniform= 49% obedience

90
Q

Agentic state

A

Individual no longer sees themselves as acting independently

(Instrument for authority)

91
Q

Moral strain (Agentic state)

A

Where individuals fight against their own conscience and feel distressed

92
Q

Methods of coping with moral strain

A

Repression and denial

93
Q

Repression

A

Keeping certain thoughts, feelings or emotions out of conscious awareness

94
Q

Keeping certain thoughts, feelings or emotions out of conscious awareness

A

Repression

95
Q

Denial

A

Denying anything ever happened (Nazi soldiers)

96
Q

Legitimacy of authority

A

We are socialised into recognising authority figures and we obey them because we trust them and know they have the power to punish us

97
Q

We are socialised into recognising authority figures and we obey them because we trust them and know they have the power to punish us

A

Legitimacy of authority

98
Q

Strengths of psychological explanations of obedience (legitimacy of authority and Agentic)

A

+ research support (milgram)
+ research support (bickman)

+applications (explain + prevent horrific actions such as Nazi germany)

99
Q

Weaknesses of psychological explanations of obedience

Agentic state and loa

A

-Leads to obedience alibi (diffuses responsibility for people like Nazis)

-Better explanations (F-Scale and Autoritarian)

-individual differences

100
Q

Adorno

A

Saw (AP) individuals as having insecurities that lead to them being hostile to people and a belief that someone tough needs to be in charge

101
Q

Saw (AP) individuals as having insecurities that lead to them being hostile to people and a belief that someone tough needs to be in charge

A

Adorno

102
Q

Authoritarian people are likely to

A

•respect and submit to authority figures
•conventional values
•hostility towards other groups
•intolerance of ambiguity

103
Q

F-Scale

A

Fromm

Questionnaire that asks people about their attitudes towards authority. The higher the score the more obedient

104
Q

Strengths of Dispositional explanations of obedience

Authoritarian)

A

+research support (Elm and Milgram)

+applications (used to explain why certain personality types are prone to obedience)

+ explains individual differences

105
Q

Weaknesses of Dispositional (authoritarian) explanations of obedience

A
  • alternative explanations (agentic state and LOA) take situational variables into account
  • problem with cause and effect (Middendrop and Meloen)

-social desirability of f scale

106
Q

Middendrop and Meloen

A

Found that less educated people are consistently less authoritarian and less obediant
Suggesting education is responsible for obedience and not personality

107
Q

Found that less educated people are consistently less authoritarian and less obediant
Suggesting education is responsible for obedience and not personality

A

Middendrop and Meloen

108
Q

Elm and Milgram

A

Found when they interview people who participated in original obedience study the 20 fully obedient people scored higher on the F-Scale then a comparison of 20 disobedient

109
Q

Found when they interview people who participated in original obedience study the 20 fully obedient people scored higher on the F-Scale then a comparison of 20 disobedient

A

Elm and Milgram

110
Q

Resistance

A

Any action in opposition to, defying or withstanding something or someone

111
Q

Social support

A

Where other people provide support making it easier to resist social influence

112
Q

Where other people provide support making it easier to resist social influence

A

Social support

113
Q

Asch result when there was a non-conforming confederate (Ally)

A

Overall conformity lowered to 5%

114
Q

Milgrams reaukts when an additional disobedient confederate was used

A

Obedience dropped form 65% to 10%

115
Q

Strengths of social support

A

+ research support (Asch and milgram)

+ real world examples

116
Q

Weaknesses of social support

A
  • Fails to explain first dissenter (LOC may be doen to personality)

-Theoretical issues (SOME people still obey)

-artificial research support

117
Q

A person perception of personal control over their own behaviour

A

Locus of control

118
Q

External LOC

A

An individual who believes their lives are down to date luck and external factors

119
Q

Internal Loc

A

An individual who believes their lives are down to their own decisions and efforts

120
Q

Internal LOC characteristics

A

Less likely to rely on others

Can resist pressures

achivement orientated

121
Q

External loc characteristic

A

More likely to be influenced by others

122
Q

Strength of LOC

A

+research support (Spector)

123
Q

Weaknesses of LOC

A

-exaggerated role (LOC plays little part in repeat situations where previous experience is more important)

-generalisability of research (Spector)

124
Q

Spector

A

Investigated LOC and conformity in 157 students and found those with a high external LOC were more easily persuaded and conformed in situations that produced normative social influence

125
Q

Investigated LOC and conformity in 157 students

A

Spector

found those with a high external LOC were more easily persuaded and conformed in situations that produced normative social influence

126
Q

Minority influence

A

A form of social influence where a minority persuaded a majority to adopt their beliefs attitudes or behaviours

127
Q

Consistency

A

If a message is consistent then it’s more likely people will follow (make others rethink their beliefs)

128
Q

Diachronic consistency

A

Consistency over time

129
Q

Consistency over time

A

Diachronic consistency

130
Q

Synchronic consistency

A

Consistency between members

131
Q

Consistency between members

A

Synchronic consistency

132
Q

Commitment

A

If a minority keeps staying true to their message it is more likely people will follow as it makes you seem more sure of your idea

133
Q

Flexibility

A

When a group is flexible as to who joins and how they go about promoting their message makes you seem nicer and people are more likely to follow

134
Q

Consistency example

A

Greta thunberg has never deviated from her position that things need to change now

135
Q

Commitment example

A

Greta sacrificed her education by not going to school on Fridays

136
Q

Flexibility example

A

Suffragettes had meetings with politicians

137
Q

Moscovici study procedure

A

All participants shown 36 slides all different shades of blue and asked to state the colour out loud

First group (consistent) answered green ever time

Second group (inconsistent) answered green 24 and blue 12

138
Q

Moscovici study results

A

Control group 0.25% said green

First (Consistent) group 8.42% conformity

Second (inconsistent) 1.25% conformity

139
Q

Minority influence strengths

A

+ research support (Moscovici)
+ applications (suffragettes)

140
Q

Minority influence weaknesses

A
  • alternative research (Maas found homo minorities were less influential then hetero minoroties)

-research not representative of real like situations

141
Q

Social change

A

How society develops its beliefs over time

142
Q

Social crypto amnesia

A

People forget that society was ever different after a change has occurred

143
Q

Snowball effect

A

Convincing a small amount of people then gradually more until a tipping point is reached

144
Q

Strengths of social change

A

+ Applications (suffragettes)

+ research (Moscovici)

145
Q

Teenage conformity examples

A

Music taste
Virginity
Crime
Alcahol
Drugs
Bullying
Smoking
Clothing

146
Q

Deautsch and Gerard (1955)

A

Came up with ISI and NSI

147
Q

Evaluations for Explanations of conformity

A

+ Asch support
+ explains behaviour change in ambiguous situations

  • doesn’t consider individual differences
    -Artificial research support
148
Q

Evaluations of Asch

A

+ reliability (standardised procedures)
+ practical applications (juries warned about conformity

-Perrin and Spencer
- Generalisability (123 American men)

149
Q

Perrin and Spencer

A

Recreated Asch study with science and engineering students and found only 1 conforming response out of 396

150
Q

Who Recreated Asch study with science and engineering students and found only 1 conforming response out of 396

A

Perrin and Spencer

151
Q

Zimbardo aims

A

To investigate whether students would conform to a role (guard or prisoner) that they were told they were picked for but it was random

Also explore whether cases of police brutality was Dispositional or down to prison environment

152
Q

Autonomous state

A

We are aware of the consequences and responsibilities and act and think as independent individuals guided by our own conscience
Feel in control and can feel guilt and will only follow orders if we agree with the action

153
Q

Binding factors

A

Factors that keep us locked in the Agentic state

154
Q

Hofling

A

21 out of 22 nurses obeyed doctors orders and were about to administer medication of astoten to patient

11 admitted to knowing the correct dosage of astoten

155
Q

Fromm

A

F scale

156
Q

How can parenting lead to obedience

A

Harsh punitive and little love from parents can lead to either

Fear of parents and therefore excessive respect for authority

Or hatred of parents which can lead to hate and anger being displaced onto others

157
Q

Social support real world examples

A

In ww2 many non Jewish people helped hide and protect Jewish people from the Nazis by going against orders to give them up and hand them over

Rosa parks and example of a dissenter who sparked the civil rights movement

158
Q

Evaluations of locus of control

A

+ explains dissenter unlike social support
+ explains individual differences (y some ppl conform and y some don’t)

  • socially sensitive (sense of no control worse)
    -fail to state whether individuals can change
159
Q

Augmentation principle

A

A small group are always willing to take great risks to raise awareness

160
Q

Nemeth

A

Mock jury where groups of 3 pts and 1 confederate had to decide amount of compensation paid to a victim

When confederate arrived for a very low amount and refused to change he had no effect but when he compromised so did everyone else

Psychology (11 decks)

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