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Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural selection

A

Process by which inherited characteristics that enhance survival are passed onto next generation

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2
Q

Process by which inherited characteristics that enhance survival are passed onto next generation

A

Natural selection

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3
Q

Adaption

A

Functional products of natural selection or sexual selection in human evaluation

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4
Q

Reproductive success

A

The degree to which an individual is successful in producing offspring that in turn are able to produce offspring of their own

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5
Q

Sexual selection

A

Competition for mates between members of the same sec which has an impact on the evolution of certain facial and bodily features

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6
Q

Inter-sexual selection

A

Preferred strategy of female- quality over quantity

Eggs are rarer than sperm and requires more energy to produce.
Females may be quite picky and choose a partner who can offer resources
Enhance a female’s reproductive success
Leads to men competing for the opportunity to mate with the fertile female

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7
Q

Sexy sons hypothesis

A

A female mates with a male who had desirable characteristics and this sexy trait is inherited by her son. Increases chance that successive generations of females will mate with her offspring

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8
Q

Intra-sexual selection

A

Prefer strategy of the male - quantity over quality
Refers to competition between males to be able to mate with a female
The winner of the competition gets to pass on its characteristics that’s helped him win to offspring

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9
Q

Singh research

A

Research has suggested that the most attractive hip to waist ratio is 0.70. Honest signal that a woman isn’t pregnant but is fertile

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10
Q

Male strategies

A

Courtships rituals
Size
Sperm competition
Mate guarding
Sneak copulation

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11
Q

Female strategies

A

Handicap hypothesis
Sexy sons hypothesis
Courtship

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12
Q

Courtship rituals

A

Allows showing off of genetic potential and resources

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13
Q

Allows showing off of genetic potential and resources

A

Courtships rituals

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14
Q

Size

A

Bigger body size Demonstrates physical strength

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15
Q

Sperm competition

A

Men have evolved to have bigger testicles and faster swimming sperm

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16
Q

Mate guarding

A

Keeping close eye on partners to prevent unfaithfulness

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17
Q

Keeping close eye on partners to prevent unfaithfulness

A

Mate guarding

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18
Q

Sneak competition

A

Being unfaithful can be beneficial to both parties

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19
Q

Handicap hypothesis

A

Some women may pick men with handicaps as it shows an ability to thrive despite adversities. May explain why some women are attracted to men who drink and take drugs a lot

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20
Q

Courtship

A

Dating is important strategy for females to establish a man’s worth to produce offspring

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21
Q

Evaluation of evolution explanations for partner preference

A

+ research singh
+research buss
-external validity (doenst take into account those who don’t want children)
- temporal validity (changing roles of men and women )

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22
Q

Self disclosure

A

Revelling of personal information about ourselves to an individual that we like

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23
Q

Social penetration theory

A

Altman and Taylor
Gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone. In romantic relationships it involves reciprocal exchange of information
Displays trust and greater understanding of eachother

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24
Q

Gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone. In romantic relationships it involves reciprocal exchange of information
Displays trust and greater understanding of eachother

A

Altman and Taylor social penetration theory

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25
Q

Breadth and depth of self disclosure

A

Breadth: at the start of relationship we disclose a lot of superficial information
Depth: as the relationship develops self-disclosure becomes deeper and higher risk

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26
Q

Reciprocity of self disclosure

A

Reis and shaver
Once you’ve disclosed something that reveals your true self hopefully partner will respond in a way that is with understanding, empathy and their own feelings

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27
Q

3 theories of self disclosure

A

Social penetration
Breadth and depth
Reciprocity of self disclosure

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28
Q

Evaluation of self disclosure

A

+ research (Spencer and Hendrick)
+ practical application (hass and Stafford)
- reductionist (other explanations of attractiveness like physical)
-cause and effect

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29
Q

The halo effect

A

Helo effect is where people that are deemed more attractive tend to benefit from favourable perceptions from society
For example an attractive person is more likely to be acquitted of a crime, deemed more trustworthy and sociable impact as physical attractiveness is what we see first in a person

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30
Q

where people that are deemed more attractive tend to benefit from favourable perceptions from society

A

Halo effect

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31
Q

Matching hypothesis

A

The theory that people will seek partners of similar attractiveness to themselves. This means we need to have a realistic judgement of how attractive we are in the first instance.

Additionally if one feels their partner is more attractive there is likely going to be fears they will leave
Hence implying our choice of partner isn’t most attractive but a compromise

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32
Q

Evaluation of physical attractiveness

A

+research (palmer and peterson) (gunnell and ceci)
- highly subjective
+ research to support matching hypothesis (Murstein)
-Cause and effect

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33
Q

Filter theory (name)

A

Kerchoff and Davies

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34
Q

Filter theory

A

Our choices of mates are limited by several factors and they filter down potential mates available to us.
1.Social demography
2. Similarity in attitudes
3.complementarity

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35
Q

Filter theory 1. Social demography

A

Factors that influence the likelihood of you meeting a partner in the first place. Your more likely to meet someone that you’re physically close too

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36
Q

Filter theory 2. Similarity in attitudes

A

Partners will often share important beliefs and values

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37
Q

Filter theory 3. Complementarity

A

The ability to meet each others needs and compliment each others personality traits

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38
Q

Evaluation of filter theory

A

-lacks temporal validity (dating apps)
+research (Peter winch)
-cause and effect (couples end up complementing eachother because of the time they spend together

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39
Q

Social exchange theory (name)

A

Thibault and Kelly

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40
Q

Social exchange theory summary

A

Proposes that relationships involve the exchange of resources. Relationships are based on profit someone perceives they will gain from the relationships

Once the relationship starts ‘costing’ more than it benefits the relationship is likely to fail and break down

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41
Q

Social exchange theory (Comparison level)

A

the comparison on the current relationship with often past relationships using them as a guide

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42
Q

Social exchange theory (comparison level for alternatives)

A

Other personal relationships are looked at. Eg if you’re feeling someone else or considering others. If they’re judged to offer more benefits the relationship will likely break up.

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43
Q

4 relationship development stages (Social Exchange)

A

Sampling
Bargaining
Commitment
Institutionalisation

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44
Q

Sampling stage (SET)

A

Rewards and costs are assessed in a number of relationships

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45
Q

Bargaining stage (SET)

A

The couple negotiates the relationship and agrees the rewards and costs. Marking the start of the relationship where partners start to exchange

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46
Q

Commitment stage (SET)

A

The couple settles into the relationship and the exchange of reward becomes fairly predictable. Stability also increases as rewards increase and costs decrease

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47
Q

Institutionalisation stage (SET)

A

Norms and expectations are firmly established. The couple fully settle down

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48
Q

Evaluations for Social Excange theory

A

+ Rusbult and Zembradt
+ practical applications (fixing relationships)
- theoretical flaw (costs are less important when forming but more important when breaking down)
-negative view on humans (selfish)

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49
Q

Equity theory name

A

Walster

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50
Q

Equity theory overview

A

Based on fairness between partners. Individuals will become dissatisfied if they feel they are suffering from inequity (over or under benefitting)

Underbeneffitting can lead to feelings of anger, hostility
Overbeneffiting can lead to can guilt and shame

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51
Q

Perceived equity

A

Inequity doesn’t necessarily mean inequality.
Because a person holds subjective views on the relative inputs and outputs of themselves and partner.

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52
Q

Profit (equity theory)

A

Benefits of the relationships - the costs

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53
Q

Distribution (equity)

A

Trade-offs and compensations negotiated

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54
Q

Dissatisfaction (equity)

A

Less unfairness leads to less dissatisfaction

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55
Q

Realignment (equity)

A

Attempts made to realign equity

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56
Q

Evaluations of equity theory

A

+Dainton
+Yum (transcends cultural differences)

-cause issues (people only think about fairness when the relationship is already in trouble)

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57
Q

Commitment (relationships)

A

The likelihood that someone will persist in an existing relationship, this is influenced by high satisfaction and investment

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58
Q

Rusbults model of investments

A

Satisfaction + Alternatives + investments

Commitment
=
Future stay or leave decision

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59
Q

Satisfaction factor (rusbult)

A

To what degree does ur partner meet ur needs. Similar to Social exchange, it is based on the concept of a comparison level. We would conduct a cost benefit analysis to judge the level of satisfaction

60
Q

Comparison with alternatives (rusbult)

A

Does the relationship stand up to other possible alternatives?
Could your needs be better met outside the relationship?
Commitment to the relationship is stronger if needs are better met

61
Q

Investment size factor (rusbult)

A

The longer the relationship continues the more the partners have invested into it. The more that is invested, the stronger the commmitment.
Ending the relationship at this point would make all the investment useless

62
Q

Rusbults maintainence behaviours

A

Accommodation
Willingness to sacrifice
Forgiveness
Positive illusions
Ridiculing alternatives

63
Q

Accommodation (Rusbults maintenance behaviours)

A

Partners should not engage in tit-for-tat retaliation, but instead act to promote the relationship

64
Q

Willingness to sacrifice (Rusbults maintenance behaviours)

A

Partners should also put their partners interests first

65
Q

Forgiveness (Rusbults maintenance behaviours)

A

Partners should forgive them for any …

66
Q

Positive illusions (Rusbults maintenance behaviours)

A

Partners should be unrealistically positive about partner

67
Q

Ridiculing alternatives (Rusbults maintenance behaviours)

A

Should be negative about others weaknesses and alternatives

68
Q

Evaluations for Rusbults investment model of commitment

A

+explains abusive relationships
+ face validity
+ Le and Agnew meta analysis

  • oversimplification of investment (goodfriend and Agnew)
    -divorce still occurs
69
Q

Buss research

A

Found men preferred younger women across 37 different cultures and women prefer older men with vast resources

70
Q

Who Found men preferred younger women across 37 different cultures and women prefer older men with vast resources

A

Buss

71
Q

Toma

A

Found men find it easier to lie about income and education when it comes to personal advertisements in newspapers

72
Q

Who Found men find it easier to lie about income and education when it comes to personal advertisements in newspapers

A

Toma

73
Q

Cartwright

A

Found women with symmetrical breast were more fertile than women with asymmetrical breasts. Supporting the idea that symmetry suggests higher fertility.

74
Q

Who Found women with symmetrical breast were more fertile than women with asymmetrical breasts. Supporting the idea that symmetry suggests higher fertility.

A

Cartwright

75
Q

Spencer and Hendricks

A

Studied heterosexual couples and found a strong correlation between satisfaction and self disclosure. Meaning they’re more happy and committed to the relationship. Implying that reciprocated self disclosure leads to more satisfying relationships

76
Q

Hass and Stafford

A

Found 57% of gay men and women in their study said that open and honest self disclosure was how they maintained their relationship- therefore this can help people strengthen bonds and maintain a relationship

77
Q

Who Found 57% of gay men and women in their study said that open and honest self disclosure was how they maintained their relationship-

A

Hass and Stafford

78
Q

Murstein

A

Asked participants to judge the attractiveness of real and fake couples in photographs. Murstein found that couples ratings of attractiveness were significantly closer than that of the fake couples. Supporting matching hypothesis

79
Q

Gunnell and Ceci

A

Found that less attractive people were 22% more likely to be convicted in court. They were also likely to get a prison sentence that was on average 22 months longer than that of an attractive personal

80
Q

Who Found that less attractive people were 22% more likely to be convicted in court. They were also likely to get a prison sentence that was on average 22 months longer than that of an attractive personal

A

Gunnell and Ceci

81
Q

Palmer and Peterson

A

Found that physically attractive people were rated as more politically knowledgeable and competent. Halo effect even persisted when the participants were aware of no expertise

82
Q

Hatfield

A

Found participants who under benefitted in a relationship were angry and felt deprived, whereas those that over benefitted felt guilty.

83
Q

Rusbult and martz

A

Applied SET to women who were in abusive relationships. Established women would tend to go back into abusive relationships as there was no better alternatives

84
Q

Dainton

A

Studies 219 individuals in romantic relationships and found that people who had perceive inequity had low satisfaction in their relationships

85
Q

Yum et al

A

Researched cultural differences in 6 cultures and found that most equitable couples performed the most maintenance strategies suggesting it takes alot of effort to keep a relationship equitable

86
Q

Intrinsic investments

A

Things we put into a relationship such as time effort and money

87
Q

Extrinsic investments

A

Things we received from a relationship such as kids memories and interweaved friendships

88
Q

Lin and rusbult

A

Found emailed generally reported higher satisfaction levels, poorer scores for alternative relationships, greater investment scores and stronger commitment overall

89
Q

Van Lange

A

Found support for all aspects of the model in Taiwanese students suggesting cross cultural consensus

90
Q

Ducks 3 relationship breakdown types

A

Pre existing doom

Mechanical failure

Sudden death

91
Q

Pre existing doom

A

Relationship was doomed from the start as the two ppl were not compatible

92
Q

Mechanical failure

A

Partners who are compatible slowly grow apart over time and decide things are no longer working

93
Q

Sudden death

A

Where the relationship suddenly ends

Could be cheating or because of an argument

94
Q

Sudden death

A

When the relationship suddenly ends
Could be due to cheating or an argument

95
Q

Ducks 4 stage model

A

Intrapshycic stage
Dyadic stage
Social stage
Grave dressing stage

Resurrection stage

96
Q

Intrapsychic stage (duck)

A

One partner feels privately dissatisfied with the relationship

97
Q

Dyadic stage (duck)

A

Dissatisfaction is discussed with partner. And if nothing happens the relationship breaks down

98
Q

Social stage (duck)

A

Breakdown is made public to friends and family. Negotiations may occur

99
Q

Grave dressing stage (duck)

A

Post relationship perception is created Ex partners will now rebuild life towards new relationships

100
Q

Resurrection stage duck

A

Reconfiguring oneself for future relationships- new behaviours etc

101
Q

Evaluation of ducks model

A

+applicability to friendships
-not universal
+ face validity
-hard to actually study (long time)
+ practical applications
-determanistic

102
Q

Virtual relationships

A

Most common among young people who have grown up on social media. It’s expected to grow in usage as more people meet a dating age and is predicted to become the norm for dating

103
Q

Bø

A

Found females are more picky when males when it comes to choosing/swiping on dating sites

104
Q

Who Found females are more picky when males when it comes to choosing/swiping on dating sites

A

Bø

105
Q

Benefits of internet dating / virtual relationships

A

People who are less socially skilled can benefit

106
Q

Drawbacks of internet dating/virtual relationships

A

Misrepresentation of oneself

Anonymity leads to harassment

107
Q

Cornwell and Lundgren

A

Surveyed 80 chat rooms and found 28% misrepresented their physical appearance and 23% their age

108
Q

Who surveyed 80 chat rooms to find out about misrepresentation

A

Cornwell and Lundgren
Found 28% misrepresentated appearance and 23% their age

109
Q

Self disclosure in VR

A

Is quicker more intense and leads to affection quicker.
Self disclosure is less likely to be exposed leading to more being disclosed and ppl that are less socially skilled may be able to make better disclosures
There is also more truthful SD due to anonymity

110
Q

Schouten

A

People high in social anxiety experience greater disclosure due to absence of nonverbal cues that they typically struggle with

111
Q

Yim and Hara

A

Found there was cultural difference between us and Japanese participants in how disclosure increased or decreased trust

112
Q

Evaluation of self disclosure in VR

A

+ Research to support whitty and Johnson
+ help those with anxiety
-cultural differences (yim and hara)
- flawed as relations ships are multi modal (walther)

113
Q

Walther

A

Argues modern relationships are a mix of in person and online. Not a straight forward matter of either or hence examining self disclosure of online relationships is theoretically flawed

114
Q

Whitty and Johnson

A

Found that questions in online relationships were very direct and intimate and would never be seen in a face to face relationship. And people didn’t have an issue answering the personal questions online supporting the hyperpersonal model and self disclosure

115
Q

Found that questions in online relationships were very direct and intimate and would never be seen in a face to face relationship. And people didn’t have an issue answering the personal questions online supporting the hyperpersonal model and self disclosure

A

Whitty and Johnson

116
Q

Absence of gating

A

Gates are things that put us off continuing the relationship further.

However Tech advancements are making it less harder to hide gates
Theory also states in virtual relationships the bond has developed to a point that gates are looked past

117
Q

Bargh

A

Found that intimacy develops quicker in VR because of lack of gating features

118
Q

Who found intimacy develops quicker in VR due to absence of gating

A

Bargh

119
Q

Mckenna

A

Found removal of gating allowed typically unattractive people to enter relationships

120
Q

Absence of gating evaluations

A

+larger pool
+Mckenna practical app

-little research into gender differences
-self report data
-gating is starting to come in

121
Q

Sproull and keisler reduced cues

A

Reduce cues theory
Suggested online relationships are less open and honest then face to face due to us relying on subtle cues such as facial expressions and tone of voice

Reduction in communication cues leads to deindividuation as it diminishes peoples sense of identity

122
Q

Hyperpersonal model walther

A

Hyper honest and hyper dishonest

Self disclose is more quick and the VR becomes more intense and feels more intimate and meaningful- leading to a more abrupt ending due to a difficulty in maintaining this same level for a prolonged period of time

Projecting a more positive image may lead to an online partner wanting to disclose more information

123
Q

Rubin

A

We are likely to share personal info with a stranger as we are likely to never see them again

‘Stranger on the train’

124
Q

Parasocial relationships

A

Ppl who believe they are in a relationship with someone who doesn’t even know they exist
This typically occurs between 11-17 and can be good for creating an identity.

Negative correlation between levels of education and intensity of parasocoal relationship

125
Q

Turner

A

Found parasocial relationships tend to form with people who have similar attitudes with the individual. Suggesting many ps relationships are like normal friendships only one sided

126
Q

Giles and Murray

A

Celebrity attitude scale

127
Q

3 stages of celebrity attitude scale

A

1- entertainment social
2-intense personal
3- borderline pathological

128
Q

Entertainment social stage of ps relationships

A

Celebs are seen and a source of entertainment and as a topic for lighthearted conversations

129
Q

Intense personal stage of ps relationship

A

Deeper level of parasocial relationships. At this level a person has a more intense relationship with the celebrity. For example they may see them as a sole mate and they have an intense interest in their personal lives

130
Q

Borderline pathological stage of ps relationship

A

Most intense level. They have obsessive fantasies about the celebrity. They spend large sums if money to obtain memorabilia and they may stalk

131
Q

Meloy

A

found that stalkers tend to have a history of failed sexual relationships. Stalking tends to be a response to social and sexual incompetence. Providing support for the idea that the individual is trying to absorb the celebs success

132
Q

Maltby

A

Found people in entertainment social stage were mentally healthy however those in higher categories experienced poor mental and physical health

133
Q

Absorbtion addiction model

A

An individual may feel dissatisfied with their lives so they follow and admire celebrities to fill a gap. The individual will absorb the success to make themselves feel good.

In Extreme cases the parasocial relationship becomes addicting for the individual

134
Q

Greenwood and long

A

Found evidence that people develop PS as a way of dealing with a recent loss or loneliness

135
Q

Rvqluations of AA model of PS relationships

A

Socially sensitive

Practical applications in therapy (try make people see their success)

Correlational

136
Q

Attachment model of PS relationships

A

Insecure resistant are more likely to meter a parasocial relationship as it offers a close emotional relationship with very little chance of rejection.

137
Q

Insecure resistant people

A

Received inconsistent care which leads to a clingy attention seeking behaviour and very intense emotions

Seek proximity in ps relationships through trying to contact

Secure base as there is no chance of rejection

Protest at disruption Distraught feelings when celeb dies ot band breaks up

138
Q

Kienlen

A

63% of stalkers expirenced an early loss of primary caregivers usually due to parental seperation

50% reported abuse as a child

139
Q

Who found 63% of stalkers expirenced an early loss of primary caregivers usually due to parental seperation

50% reported abuse as a child

A

Kienlen

140
Q

Le and Agnew

A

Meta analysis of 52 studies they found that satisfaction, comparison and investment all predicted relationship commitment. These relationships also lasted longer implying there is validity to rusbults claims

141
Q

Le and Agnew

A

Meta analysis of 52 studies they found that satisfaction, comparison and investment all predicted relationship commitment. These relationships also lasted longer implying there is validity to rusbults claims

142
Q

Meta analysis of 52 studies they found that satisfaction, comparison and investment all predicted relationship commitment. These relationships also lasted longer implying there is validity to rusbults claims

A

Le and agnew

143
Q

Goodfriend and agnew

A

Point out that there
Is more to investment than just resources you have already put into a relationship
In the early stages partners will have made very few investments. They extended rusbukts original model by including future plans

Implying that rusbults simple view of commitment doenst include future plans

144
Q

Rusbult and zembradt

A

Conducted longitudinal study with 30 students in heterosexual relationships. Pts were asked to compete a questionnaire every 17 days for 7 months where they were asked to weigh up costs and benefits.

Found that from those who stayed in relationships that increases in rewards led to better satisfaction

145
Q

Rusbult and zembradt

A

Conducted longitudinal study with 30 students in heterosexual relationships. Pts were asked to compete a questionnaire every 17 days for 7 months where they were asked to weigh up costs and benefits.

Found that from those who stayed in relationships that increases in rewards led to better satisfaction

146
Q

Evaluations for attatchment model of ps relationships

A

+kienlen
-McCuthceon
-fails to take into account that psr can be harmless and healthy

Psychology (11 decks)

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