Biopsychology Flashcards
1
Q
Nervous system is split into
A
Peripheral and Central
2
Q
Peripheral Nervous system is split into
A
Somatic and autonomic
3
Q
Autonomic nervous system is split into
A
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
4
Q
Central nervous system is split into
A
Brain and spinal chord
5
Q
Arc reflex
A
Nerve pathway followed by a reflex action
6
Q
Nerve pathway followed by a reflex action
A
Arc reflex
7
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
Has both sensory and motor neurons
Controls skeletal muscle and movement
Conscious
8
Q
Has both sensory and motor neurons
Controls skeletal muscle and movement
Conscious
A
Somatic nervous system
9
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
Only motor
Controls internal organs and glands
Involuntary
10
Q
Sensory neuron
A
Carried messages from PNS to CNS
Tells brain about external and internal environment
Large dendrites and short axons
11
Q
Carried messages from PNS to CNS
Tells brain about external and internal environment
Large dendrites and short axons
A
Sensory neurons
12
Q
Relay neurons
A
Allows sensory and motor to communicate
Multipolar
Only carries messaged from one part of CNS to other
13
Q
Allows sensory and motor to communicate
Multipolar
Only carries messaged from one part of CNS to other
A
Relay neurons
14
Q
Motor neurons
A
Connect to CNS to effectors
Form synapses with muscles
15
Q
Connect to CNS to effectors
Form synapses with muscles
A
Motor neurons
16
Q
Hormone
A
Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream to act in a specific target to perform a function
17
Q
Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream to act in a specific target to perform a function
A
Hormone
18
Q
Nervous system
A
Complex system that sends and releases impulses to coordinate the organisms actions
19
Q
Complex system that sends and releases impulses to coordinate the organisms actions
A
Nervous system
20
Q
Brain
A
Organ inside the skull that controls bodily functions
21
Q
Organ inside the skull that controls bodily functions
A
Brain
22
Q
Spinal chord
A
Part of CNS starting at brain stem and ends in lower back
23
Q
Part of CNS starting at brain stem and ends in lower back
A
Spinal chord
24
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
Parts of nervous system outside brain and spinal chord
25
Parts of nervous system outside brain and spinal chord
Peripheral nervous system
26
Somatic nervous system
Component it pns associated with involuntary processes
27
Component it pns associated with voluntary processes
Somatic nervous system
28
Autonomic nervous system
Component of PNS that’s associated with involuntary processes
29
Component of PNS that’s associated with involuntary processes
Autonomic nervous system
30
Neuron
Information messengers use electrical impulses to send info around the brain and body
31
Information messengers use electrical impulses to send info around the brain and body
Neuron
32
Cell body
Compact section of nerve that contains nucleas and cytoplasm
33
Compact section of nerve that contains nucleas and cytoplasm
Cell body
34
Dendrites
Appendages on the neuron that receive communications from the other cell
35
Appendages on the neuron that receive communications from the other cell
Dendrites
36
Action potential
The electrical impulses sent down a neuron
Information is sent down an axon of neuron
37
Rapid sequence of changed in voltage across a membrane
Information is sent down an axon of neuron
Action potential
38
Axon
Where electrical impulses from neurons travel away to be received by other neurons
39
Where electrical impulses from neurons travel away to be received by other neurons
Axon
40
Myelin sheath
Fatty protein coating surrounding never for protection and fast transmission
41
Fatty protein coating surrounding never for protection and fast transmission
Myelin sheath
42
Nodes of ranvier
Short region on axon not protected my myelin containing ion channels to allow action potential to travel quickly
43
Short region on axon not protected my myelin containing ion channels to allow action potential to travel quickly
Nodes of ranvier
44
Synaptic gap
Space between axon and dendrite of 2 neurons
45
Space between axon and dendrite of 2 neurons
Synaptic gap
46
Vesicles
Small sacs transporting material within or outside the cell
47
Small sacs transporting material within or outside the cell
Vesicles
48
Receptor
A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that receives signals
49
A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that receives signals
Receptor
50
Pre-synaptic neurons
Transmits signal towards synapse
51
Transmits signal towards synapse
Pre synaptic neuron
52
Post synaptic neuron
Received signal after synaptic transmission
53
Received signal after synaptic transmission
Post synaptic neuron
54
Synaptic transmission
Process by which neurons communicate and pass information
55
Process by which neurons communicate and pass information
Synaptic transmission
56
Lock and key system
Receptors only bind together to specific neurotransmitters
57
Receptors only bind together to specific neurotransmitters
Lock and key system
58
Synaptic gap
Spaces between axon and dendrite of 2 neurons
59
Spaces between axon and dendrite of 2 neurons
Synaptic gap
60
Excitatory neurotransmission
a process by which certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as glutamate increase the activity of neurons.
61
a process by which certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as glutamate increase the activity of neurons.
Excitatory neurotransmission
62
Inhibitatory neurotransmission
a process by which certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as GABA reduce or inhibit the activity of neurons.
63
a process by which certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as GABA reduce or inhibit the activity of neurons.
Inhibitatory neurotransmission
64
Counter shock response
Body reversed most of physiological signs of shock phase leading to an increase in blood volume, blood sugar and temp
65
Body reversed most of physiological signs of shock phase leading to an increase in blood volume, blood sugar and temp
counter shock response
66
Homeostasis
Regulation of a stable internal environment
67
Regulation of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis
68
Post-mortem examinations
Examining brain after patient has died to test for any damage that may have affected their pre-death behaviour
69
Examining brain after patient has died to test for any damage that may have affected their pre-death behaviour
Post-mortem examination
70
fMRI
Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow
71
Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow
fMRI
72
EEG
Recording of brain activity through small sensors attached to the scalp to pick up electrical signals
73
Recording of brain activity through small sensors attached to the scalp to pick up electrical signals
EEG
74
ERP
Recording of Very small voltages generated in the brain structures in response to specific events or stimuli
75
Recording of Very small voltages generated in the brain structures in response to specific events or stimuli
ERP
76
Localisation
Idea that certain functions have certain locations or areas within the brain
77
Idea that certain functions have certain locations or areas within the brain
Localisation
78
Hemispheric lateralisation
Fact that the 2 halves of the brain are fictionally different and each Hemisphere has functional specialisation
79
Fact that the 2 halves of the brain are fictionally different and each Hemisphere has functional specialisation
Hemispheric lateralisation
80
Parietal lobe
A major sensory processing hub for your brain
81
A major sensory processing hub for your brain
Parietal lobe
82
Temporal lobe
Most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with encoding of memory
83
Most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with encoding of memory
Temporal lobe
84
Occipital lobe
Visual processing area of brain
85
Visual processing area of brain
Occipital lobe
86
Motor cortex
The region of the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for control of voluntary movement
87
The region of the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for control of voluntary movement
Motor cortex
88
Somatosensory cortex
Part of brain within the parietal lobe that receives all sensory information from various parts of body
89
Part of brain within the parietal lobe that receives all sensory information from various parts of body
Somatosensory cortex
90
Visual cortex
Primary cortical region of brain that receives and processed visual information relayed from retinas
91
Primary cortical region of brain that receives and processed visual information relayed from retinas
Visual cortex
92
Auditory cortex
Sensory area for hearing located on the upper side of the temporal lobe of cerebral cortex
93
Sensory area for hearing located on the upper side of the temporal lobe of cerebral cortex
Auditory cortex
94
Broca’s area
Key component of forming speech
95
Key component of forming speech
Broca’s area
96
Associated with comprehension of speech
Wernickes area
97
Wernickes area
Associated with comprehension of speech
98
Contra lateral
Term that references the opposite side of something
99
Term that references the opposite side of something
Contralateral
100
Prosopagnosia
Neurological disorder characterised by an inability inability to recognise faces
101
Neurological disorder characterised by an inability inability to recognise faces
Prosopagnosia
102
Cortical blindness
Loss of vision without any cause
103
Loss of vision without any cause
Cortical blindness
104
Split brain research
A brain which the 2 hemispheres have been separated by partial or complete destruction of Colton’s callosom
105
Research on A brain which the 2 hemispheres have been separated by partial or complete destruction of Colton’s callosom
Split brain research
106
Experience expectant plasticity
Changes in the brain only happen in infancy
107
Idea that changes in the brain only happen in infancy
Experience expectant plasticity
108
Experience dependent plasticity
Research shows that the brain continues to create new neural pathways and alter old ones as a result of experience
109
Research shows that the brain continues to create new neural pathways and alter old ones as a result of experience
Experiance dependent plasticity
110
Synaptogenesis
Where new synapses are formed
111
A process where new synapses are formed
Synaptogenesis
112
Neuro genesis
New Neurons are grown
113
Process by which New Neurons are grown
Neuro genesis
114
Synaptic pruning
Synapse elimination that happens mainly between childhood and puberty due to lack of use
115
Synapse elimination that happens mainly between childhood and puberty due to lack of use
Synaptic pruning
116
Plasticity
Brains ability to change and adapt because of experience
117
Brains ability to change and adapt because of experience
Plasticity
118
Functional recovery
Transfer the of functions from a damaged area of the brain after trauma to other undamaged area
119
Transfer the of functions from a damaged area of the brain after trauma to other undamaged area
Functional recovery
120
Neural regeneration
New nerve endings grow and connect with undamaged areas
121
New nerve endings grow and connect with undamaged areas
Neural regeneration
122
Neural unmasking
Occurs when dormant synapses in the brain are opened and become functional
123
Occurs when dormant synapses in the brain are opened and become functional
Neural unmasking
124
Neural reorganisation
Occurs when the brain transfers functions from the damaged area to undamaged sections of the brain
125
Occurs when the brain transfers functions from the damaged area to undamaged sections of the brain
Neural reorganisation
126
Biological rhythms
A series of bodily functions regulated by your internal clock
127
A series of bodily functions regulated by your internal clock
Biological rhythms
128
Circadian rhythms
A biological rhythms that take place on a 24hr cycle
129
A biological rhythms that take place on a 24hr cycle
Circadian rhythms
130
Infradian rhythms
Biological thrums that takes place on a cycle lasting more than 24 hrs
131
Biological thrums that takes place on a cycle lasting more than 24 hrs
Infradian rhythms
132
Ultradian rhythms
Biological rhythms that take place on a less than 24 hour cycle
133
Biological rhythms that take place on a less than 24 hour cycle
Ultradian rhythms
134
SAD
type of depression that he a seasonal pattern
135
Type of depression that has a seasonal pattern
SAD
136
Sleep/wake cycle
Natural brain-controlled bodily rhythm that results in alternate period of sleep and wakefulness
137
Natural brain-controlled bodily rhythm that results in alternate period of sleep and wakefulness
Sleep/wake cycle
138
Endogenous pacemaker
Internal mechanisms that govern biological rhythms in particular the s/w cycle
139
Internal mechanisms that govern biological rhythms in particular the s/w cycle
Endogenous pacemakers
140
Suprachiaematic nucleas
A biological structure located in the hypothalamus
141
A biological structure located in the hypothalamus
Suprachiaematic nucleas
142
Gopnick (functional recovery)
During infancy the brain experiences rapid growth in the number of synaptic connections it has peaking at 2-3 years
143
During infancy the brain experiences rapid growth in the number of synaptic connections it has peaking at 2-3 years
Gopnick
144
Kuhn (functional recovery)
discussed potential benefits of playing SuperMario for 30 mins a day for 2 months
Found significant increases in areas of the brain responsible for key behaviours
145
discussed potential benefits of playing SuperMario for 30 mins a day for 2 months
Kuhn
Found significant increases in areas of the brain responsible for key behaviours
146
Danelli (functional recovery)
Investigated a boy who had most his left hemisphere removed at 2 1/2 years old
Found that his right hemisphere was able to take over almost of the functioning
147
Investigated a boy who had most his left hemisphere removed at 2 1/2 years old
Danelli
Found that his right hemisphere was able to take over almost of the functioning
148
% of right ganders that have left hemisphere dominance for language
96%
149
% of left handers that have left hemisphere dominance for language
70%
150
Heller and Levy
Found that pts shown a split photos (half smiling half neutral) would recognise the emotion shown on the left side of the picture
151
Global aphasia
Unable to understand or produce speech
152
Sperrys research (verbal)
Words were projected to LVF testing the verbal response to language
He found the worlds didn’t register as pts would say they haven’t seen anything
Suggesting left hem is responsible for language
153
Sperrys research (physical)
A word of was projected to LVF but left hand was placed behind a screen
Pts could select the correct object despite being unable to verbally report they’d seen it
Suggesting right hem has some language ability but not speech
154
Sperrys research (matching response to pictures)
A differnet face was presented to each hemisphere at the same time. Pts then given a selection of faces evd asked to select those they saw
Pts chose the faces that were presented to LVF indicating the Right hems role for visuo spatial tasks
155
4 lobes of brain
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
156
6 areas of brain
Motor cortex
Somatosensory cortex
Visual cortex
Auditory cortex
Broca’s area
Wernickes area
157
Frontal lobe
Awareness and motor
158
Hypothalamus
Connected to the pituitary gland and is responsible for stimulating or controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Control systems that regulated endocrine system
159
Connected to the pituitary gland and is responsible for stimulating or controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Control systems that regulated endocrine system
Hypothalamus
160
Pituitary gland
Sometimes known as master gland and is responsible for releasing hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from other glands in the endocrine system
161
Sometimes known as master gland and is responsible for releasing hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from other glands in the endocrine system
Pituitary gland
162
ACTH
Targets adrenal cortex stimulating hormones such as cortisone
And is a key competent in stress response
163
Targets adrenal cortex stimulating hormones such as cortisone
And is a key competent in stress response
ACTH
164
TSH
Targets thyroid gland which stimulates release of thyroxine
165
Targets thyroid gland which stimulates release of thyroxine
TSH
166
Prolactin
Targets mammary glands and stimulated milk production
167
Targets mammary glands and stimulates milk production
Prolactin
168
FSH
Targets ovaries and testes to stimulate release or ovarian follicles and promoting spermatogenesis
169
Targets ovaries and testes to stimulate release or ovarian follicles and promoting spermatogenesis
FSH
170
Growth Hormone
General promotion of cell growth and multiplication in body
171
General promotion of cell growth and multiplication in body
Growth hormone
172
MSH
stimulates the production and release of pigment melanin in skin and hair
173
stimulates the production and release of pigment melatonin in skin and hair
MSH
174
Oxytocin
Important in promoting uterine contractions in childbirth
175
Important in promoting uterine contractions in childbirth
Oxytocin
176
Thyroid gland
Regulates the bodies metabolic rate and protein synthesis
177
Regulates the bodies metabolic rate and protein synthesis
Thyroid gland
178
Adrenal medulla
Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
Fight of flight response
179
Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
Fight of flight response
Adrenal medulla
180
Adrenal cortex
Releases Cortisol
Release of stored glucose and fats for energy
181
Releases Cortisol
Release of stored glucose and fats for energy
Adrenal cortex
182
Testes
Development of male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
Muscle mass and muscle growth
183
Development of male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
Muscle mass and muscle growth
Testes
184
Ovaries
Regulation of female reproductive system, menstrual cycle and pregnancy
185
Regulation of female reproductive system, menstrual cycle and pregnancy
Ovaries
186
Pineal gland
Regulation of arousal, biological rhythms and sleep wake cycle
187
Regulation of arousal, biological rhythms and sleep wake cycle
Pineal gland
188
Acute stress
Immediate stress ie danger
189
Fight or Flight response 6 stages
1) person enters stressful situation
2) Amygdala is activated which sends a distress signal to hypothalamus
3) hypothalamus activates SAM pathway
4) SNS stimulates the adrenal medulla
5) adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline
6) adrenaline causes a number of physiological changes to prepare for FOF
190
Long term stress response
hypothalamus stimulates release of ACTH from pituitary gland
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to release Glucocorticoids into blood
191
Evaluation points for localisation
+supporting research HM case
-lateralised patterns shift with age (szaflaski)
-research methodology (post mortems)
- functional recovery disputes idea that brain is highly localised
192
Szaflarski
Found most tasks became less lateralised in healthy adulthood suggesting conclusions in localised and lateralised functioning should take age and experience into account
193
Found most tasks became less lateralised in healthy adulthood suggesting conclusions in localised and lateralised functioning should take age and experience into account
Szaflarski
194
Heller and levy
Found participants that were shown a split photo (half smiling/half neutral) would recognise the emotion shown on the left side of the photo showing facial recognition is geared to RH
195
Found participants that were shown a split photo (half smiling/half neutral) would recognise the emotion shown on the left side of the photo showing facial recognition is geared to RH
Heller and Levy
196
Evaluation of Hem lateralisation
+most research into B+W comes from case studies which are good to understand how an individual lesion can effect behaviour
- methodology (post mortems)
+ research support Sperry split brain
- Danelli half brain boy
197
Broca’s aphasia
Slow effortful speech
Can’t produce sentence structure
Use of nouns and verbs but not pronouns or conjunctions
Can understand speech fine
Can get meaning of a sentence
198
Slow effortful speech
Can’t produce sentence structure
Use of nouns and verbs but not pronouns or conjunctions
Can understand speech fine
Can get meaning of a sentence
Broca’s aphasia
199
Wernickes Aphasia
Generally grammatical sentences that make little sense
Can’t understand others speech
Difficulty naming objects
Comprehension and repetition is poor
200
Generally grammatical sentences that make little sense
Can’t understand others speech
Difficulty naming objects
Comprehension and repetition is poor
Wernickes aphasia
201
Lashley
Propsosed the equipotentiality theory suggesting that the basic motor and sensory functions are localised but that higher mental functions are not
Claimed that intact areas of the cortex could take over responsibility for specific cognitive functions following brain injury
202
Propsosed the equipotentiality theory suggesting that the basic motor and sensory functions are localised but that higher mental functions are not
Lashley
Claimed that intact areas of the cortex could take over responsibility for specific cognitive functions following brain injury
203
Gopnick
Brain experiences rapid growth in the number of synaptic connections it has peaking at 2-3 years
204
Brain experiences rapid growth in the number of synaptic connections it has peaking at 2-3 years
Gopnick et al
205
Kuhn et al
Found significant increase in areas of the brain responsible for memory, planning and motor performance of those who played supermario 2 for 30 mins a day for 2 months
206
Found significant increase in areas of the brain responsible for memory, planning and motor performance of those who played supermario 2 for 30 mins a day for 2 months
Kuhn et al
207
Maguire taxi study
London Taxi drivers have to take knowledge test to test their knowledge of routes around London. Maguire found that the taxi drivers had larger and more dense grey matter in their hippocampus due to this
208
London Taxi drivers have to take knowledge test to test their knowledge of routes around London. Maguire found that the taxi drivers had larger and more dense grey matter in their hippocampus due to this
Maguire
209
Koppelman
27 astronauts were scanned before their space mission and then again on return. Their cerebellum shrunk in relation to how much time they spent in space
Upon return their brain reverted back to normal demonstrating the brains ability to revert back
210
27 astronauts were scanned before their space mission and then again on return. Their cerebellum shrunk in relation to how much time they spent in space
Koppelman
Upon return their brain reverted back to normal demonstrating the brains ability to revert back
211
Evaluation of functional recovery and plasticity
+ Danelli half brain boy
- danelli lacks pop validity
- recovery affected by age (Teubar)
+ Gazzeley practical applications
212
Gazzeley
Developed a game called neurotracer that can be prescribed to patients to preserve cognitive function. (Help early onset of dementia)
213
Developed a game called neurotracer that can be prescribed to patients to preserve cognitive function. (Help early onset of dementia)
Gazzeley
214
Teubar
Found a negative correlation with age and recovery. Investigating soldiers recovering from brain injury
60% those under 20 made higher improvement - 20% of those over 25 had similar improvement
215
Found a negative correlation with age and recovery. Investigating soldiers recovering from brain injury
60% those under 20 made higher improvement - 20% of those over 25 had similar improvement
Teubar
216
Evaluation of split brain research
+ deeper understanding of how brain works
- lacks generalisability (10-15)
-compared to neurotypical patients
+ reliability (controlled procedures)
217
Examples of circadian rhythms
Metabolic activity
Hormones
Body temp
Sleep/wake
218
Examples of Infradian rhythms
Hibernation
Menstruation
SAD
219
Examples of Ultradian rhythms
Feeding
Stages of sleep
Alertness
220
Menstrual cycle
During the follicular phase, estrogen levels start to rise, which stimulates the growth of the uterine lining. As the follicle in the ovary matures, it produces more estrogen.
Then comes ovulation, where there is a surge in (LH), which triggers the release of the mature egg from the ovary.
After ovulation, the body starts producing progesterone. Progesterone helps prepare the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. If pregnancy doesn't occur, progesterone levels drop, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and the start of a new menstrual cycle.
221
Stages of sleep
S1/2 is light with heart rate slowing down
S3/4 is deep sleep with rhythmic breathing
S5 is REM and dreaming
222
Core body temp circadian rhythm
Fluctuates by up to a degree in a 24 hour period
Generally peaks mid afternoon at 37.1 and troughs at 36.7
223
Sleep/wake cycle
Strongest sleep drive is between 2-4 am and post lunch dip 1-3 pm
Sleepiness we feel during these circadian dips is less intense if we had sufficeinet sleep
Governed by EP and EZ
224
Internal body clock is … and found in …
SCN and found in hypothalamus
225
How does a/w cycle get influenced by light
SCN received light through eyes when light levels drop at night the SCN tells pineal gland to recreate melatonin which causes drowsiness
226
Siffre procedure
French cave explorer who spent 6 months in a Texan cave away from any EZ
He was wired up to record results and he ate and slept when he wanted to
227
Siffre results
Found that at first his s/w cycle was erratic but later stabilised to a regular pattern of between 25-30 hours
Felt like 151 days but was actually 179
228
Evaluation of EP
+ Siffre
-Siffre not generalisable
+Ralph mutant hamsters
- not immune to external influences causing jet and shift lag
229
Ralph et al
Mutant hamsters
Took SCN of mutant hamster (circadian rhythm of 20 hours) and put it in normal hamster
Normal hamster took up this circadian rhythm showing that SCN plays major role in governing biological rhythms
230
Melanopsin
Protein in the eye that is sensitive to light and carries the signals to SCN to set 24 hour cycles
231
Protein in the eye that is sensitive to light and carries the signals to SCN to set 24 hour cycles
Melanopsin
232
When do circadian rhythms begin and are entrained by
6 weeks and babies are fully entrained by 16 weeks due to social cues such as bedtimes and meal times
233
EZ evaluation
+Siffre
- Siffre generalisability
-Luce and segal
-individual differences (older people need less sleep than younger)
+knutsson
234
Luce and Segal
Suggest that light levels can be overridden as in the arctic circle people still maintain a pattern of 7 hours a night despite 6 months of darkness and 6 months of light
Social factors or internal factors rather than light
235
Symptoms of jet lag
Difficulty sleeping
Tiredness
Difficulty staying awake
Poor sleep quality
Memory problems
236
Phase advance
West to east makes days shorter
237
Phase delay
East to west makes days longer
238
Bolvin (Shift lag)
Night workers engaged in shift work expo reduced concentration around 6 am meaning more accidents and mistakes are likely to happen
239
Night workers engaged in shift work expo reduced concentration around 6 am meaning more accidents and mistakes are likely to happen
Bolvin
240
Knutsson
Night shift workers are 3x more likely to develop heart disease due to stress of adjusting and fighting natural biological rhythms
241
Night shift workers are 3x more likely to develop heart disease due to stress of adjusting and fighting natural biological rhythms
Knutsson
