Issues And Debates

Question 1

Universality

Answer 1

Refers to when research assumes the findings can be applied to both genders or to all cultures

Question 2

Refers to when research assumes the findings can be applied to both genders or to all cultures

Answer 2

Universality

Question 3

Gender bias

Answer 3

When bias is made towards one gender, behaviour is then applied by using a sample against 1 gender in research then applying the findings to all people

Question 4

Androcentrism

Answer 4

Theories which are centred on males or focused on males only. Can occur if all male samples are used in research then a theory is generated which is applied to both genders.

Question 5

% of female undergraduate psychology students

Answer 5

70% (could lead to gynocentrism)

Question 6

Gyncocentrism

Answer 6

Research bias that’s in favour of females

Question 7

Research bias that’s in favour of females

Answer 7

Gynocentrism

Question 8

Alpha bias

Answer 8

When the differences between genders are exaggerated

Question 9

When the differences between genders are exaggerated

Answer 9

Alpha bias

Question 10

Alpha bias example

Answer 10

Men being more likely to commit adultery and women having a more personal investment in their offspring

Question 11

Beta bias

Answer 11

Differences between men and women are minimised

Question 12

Differences between men and women are minimised

Answer 12

Beta bias

Question 13

Beta bias example

Answer 13

Biological research into the fight or flight response has often been carried out with male animals but research (Taylor) suggests that females produce a differnet response

Question 14

Culture bias

Answer 14

The act of interpreting and judging behaviour and psychological characteristics of one culture by hold by them to the standards of your own

Question 15

Ethnocentrism

Answer 15

The view that our own culture should be the basis for judgements of other groups. The views, beliefs and cultures of our own group are normal or superior and those of other group are strange

Question 16

The view that our own culture should be the basis for judgements of other groups. The views, beliefs and cultures of our own group are normal or superior and those of other group are strange

Answer 16

Ethnocentrism

Question 17

Berry research

Answer 17

Replicated Asch study to see whether the conformity rates seen in the US were repeated among the Temne people of Sierra Leone or the Inuit people of Canada

Temne had high rates and Inuit had low rates because of different styles of living

Question 18

Replicated Asch study to see whether the conformity rates seen in the US were repeated among the Temne people of Sierra Leone or the Inuit people of Canada

Answer 18

Berry

Temne had high rates and Inuit had low rates due to different lifestyles

Question 19

Imposed Etic

Answer 19

Measures or theories developed in one culture then applied to other cultures and judgements are made with inappropriate cultural reference points

Question 20

Measures or theories developed in one culture then applied to other cultures and judgements are made with inappropriate cultural reference points

Answer 20

Imposed Etic

Question 21

Emic approach

Answer 21

One culture is studied in order to discover culture specific behaviour and they will only generalise their findings to the culture they have been studying

Question 22

One culture is studied in order to discover culture specific behaviour and they will only generalise their findings to the culture they have been studying

Answer 22

Emic approach

Question 23

Cultural relativism

Answer 23

All cultures are equally worthy of respect and we should understand how other cultures view the world

Question 24

Determinism proposes that

Answer 24

Behaviours are caused by something and we have little actual control. Determiners are behaviours that cause our behaviour

Question 25

Free will proposes that

Answer 25

We have full choice over our actions and that there’s no influence or manipulation from internal or external influences

Question 26

Biological determinism

Answer 26

The result of internal processes within the body like genetics, brain, psychology, biochemistry Eg SERT gene being cause of OCD

Question 27

The result of internal processes within the body like genetics, brain, psychology, biochemistry

Answer 27

Biological determinism

Question 28

Environmental determinism

Answer 28

Behaviour is the result of learning through the physical environment Eg observational learning in SLT

Question 29

Behaviour is the result of learning through the physical environment

Answer 29

Environmental determinism

Question 30

Psychic determinism

Answer 30

Behaviour is caused by the unconscious mind. Freud said every behaviour has an initial cause that was instigated in a part of our mind we can’t access Eg OCD being caused by a traumatic event in the psychosexual stage

Question 31

Behaviour is caused by the unconscious mind. Freud said every behaviour has an initial cause that was instigated in a part of our mind we can’t access

Answer 31

Psychic determinism

Question 32

Soft determinism

Answer 32

Human behaviour is determined but we still have an element of control in certain situations

Question 33

Human behaviour is determined but we still have an element of control in certain situations

Answer 33

Soft determinism

Question 34

Hard determinism

Answer 34

Human behaviour is completely determined by factors outside of our control

Question 35

Human behaviour is completely determined by factors outside of our control

Answer 35

Hard determinism

Question 36

Reductionism is the idea that

Answer 36

You’re reducing the explanation of behaviour down to its simplest form. Not taking into account all other factors that may be involved

Question 37

Reducing the explanation of behaviour down to its simplest form. Not taking into account all other factors that may be involved

Answer 37

Reductionism

Question 38

Parsimony

Answer 38

Argues that science favours the simplest explanations for events. Following the principle of Occams Razor where there is more than one explanation for an event the simplest one is preferred

Question 39

Argues that science favours the simplest explanations for events. Following the principle of Occams Razor where there is more than one explanation for an event the simplest one is preferred

Answer 39

Parsimony

Question 40

Holism

Answer 40

When looking at behaviour we should judge the whole rather than one specific part. It appreciate the interaction of many factors

Question 41

Levels of explanation

Answer 41

There are diffenet ways of vowing the same phenomena in psychology.

Question 42

There are diffenet ways of vowing the same phenomena in psychology.

Answer 42

Levels of explanations

Question 43

Higher level of reductionism

Answer 43

Cultural and social explanations of how our social group affects behaviour

Question 44

Middle level of reductionism

Answer 44

Psychological explanations

Question 45

Lower level of reductionism

Answer 45

Biological explanations