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Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

Physical dependency

A

Your body depends on substances for survival it’s a result of long term use

A physiological need for a drug marked by withdrawal symptoms

Day to day functioning can become reliant on the substance

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2
Q

Psychological dependency

A

A person must continue to take drug in order to satisfy intense mental and emotional cravings

Individuals feels they cannot cope with everyday work and social life without a particular drug

Absence of the drug causes the individual to feel ANXIOUS IRRITABLE and DEPRESSED

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3
Q

Tolerance

A

Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug. Requires the user to take larger doses before experiencing the same effect

Body’s adjustment to chronic use

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4
Q

3 types of tolerance

A

Metabolic tolerance

Neuron adaptation

Learned tolerance

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5
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A

Enzymes responsible for brain be down the drug become more efficient at their job reducing its effects

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6
Q

Neuro adaptation tolerance

A

Where changes at the synapse occurs eg down regulation may make receptors less sensitive or fewer in number

Reducing the effects

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7
Q

Learned tolerance

A

Result of practice as the person has learned to function normally whilst under the influence

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8
Q

Withdrawal

A

Unpleasant physical or psychological effects follow h discontinued use of a drug.
Can include shaking or tremors, vomiting blood pressure and heart rate changes
These effects are often the consequences of the body reacting to the cessation of the drug
This leads to relapse as users find withdrawal symptoms intolerable

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9
Q

Two types of withdrawal

A

Acute withdrawal: within an hours but usually stops within weeks

Post acute withdrawal: brain, slowly organises and balances could take months/years

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10
Q

Genetic risk factor

A

An addiction cannot be inherited, but genes can cause vulnerability to specific chemical states increasing chances of addiction

Predisposition to fill the sensations of a drug with more intensity

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11
Q

Shields

A

Examine the concordance rate between 42 twin pairs that were reared apart only 9 pairs were actually discordant in their smoking behaviour showing how genetic similarity is a major factor in starting to smoke

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12
Q

Black et al

A

Found 1st degree relatives of gambling addicts were much more likely to suffer the same fate than more relatives

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13
Q

Evaluations of genetic risk factor

A

+ research (black)
+ practical applications not exposing vulnerable people to substances

-reductionism
-determinism
-no 100% concordance rate

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14
Q

Evaluations of genetic risk factor

A

+ research (black)
+ practical applications not exposing vulnerable people to substances

-reductionism
-determinism
-no 100% concordance rate

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15
Q

Stress

A

Stress appears to be a trigger for addictions as a way of dealing with the stress chronic and unmanaged stress is correlated with the onset of an addiction

It is suggested stressful events at certain points of development can have damaging effects on the brain

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16
Q

Stress

A

Stress appears to be a trigger for addictions as a way of dealing with the stress chronic and unmanaged stress is correlated with the onset of an addiction

It is suggested stressful events at certain points of development can have damaging effects on the brain

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17
Q

Driessen

A

Found traumatic events exposed individuals to addictions 30% of drug addicts and 15% alcoholics had some form of early trauma

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18
Q

Driessen

A

Found traumatic events exposed individuals to addictions 30% of drug addicts and 15% alcoholics had some form of early trauma

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19
Q

Hardiness

A

The ability to enjoy difficult conditions it’s a key element to combat stress

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20
Q

Kobasa 3 c’s in relation to hardiness

A

Commitment - string sense of purpose

Control - locus of control

Challenge - individuals see addictions as a challenge to beat rather than a threat

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21
Q

Evaluations of stress as a risk factor

A

+ driessen
-cause and effect
+ hardiness explains individual differences
-Unrealistic to say all stress causes addictions

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22
Q

Personality risk factor

A

Antisocial personality disorder has been strongly linked to addiction as individuals with this disorder have an impulsivity issue
They have high degree of risk they prefer immediate gratification and they are generally lead chaotic lives

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23
Q

Eysenck 3 personality super traits

A

Extroversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

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24
Q

Extra version

A

Extroverts are chronically under aroused so I have to take addictive substances to stimulate themselves

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25
Neuroticism
Low emotional stability and a low tolerance for stress so they turned to substance for self medication
26
Psychoticism
Generally antisocial and impulsive leading them to trying addictive substances more often
27
Verhheul
Estimated personality disorders were estimated to be 44% alcoholics 70% in Coke addict and 79% in opiate addict
28
Eclvuatuons of personality risk factor
+verhheul +individual differences -deterministic -socially sensitive -cause effect
29
Family influences risk factor
Perceived parents approval- parents don’t confront child about addictive behaviour so they assume they approve it Adolescence were also found to believe that if behaviour is not monitored this constitutes as a parental approval in drug taking Social learning theory and NSI If the addiction is every day feature of the family, it will likely be continued by the offspring
30
Livingston
Found when high school students were allowed to drink at home often they became addicted in their first year at college
31
Evaluations for family influences risk factor
+research Livingston + practical app (don’t close children) -determanistic -socially sensitive
32
Peer inferences
Pay influences are much more powerful at age age of 18 Social learning theory and NSI O’Connell suggest three major features of drinking and peer pressure
33
O’Connell three major factors in peer pressure and drinking
1- an at risk adolescence attitude and norms about drinking influenced by associating with peers who drink alcohol 2-Experienced peers provide more opportunities for the actress person to drink alcohol alcohol 3-At risk individual underestimates how much they are drinking and drinks to try and catch up
34
Evaluations of peer influences
+ prac app (changing norms about social drinking) + face validity -determanistic -limited theory (relationship between catching up and becoming a full-blown addict)
35
Tavolacci
High stress in uni students was related to alcahol and drug abuse
36
Comings
Gamblers may inherit a faulty A1DRD2 gene that reduces the number of dopamine receptors meaning individuals are less sensitive to rewards and may seek extra stimulating activities such as gambling
37
VTA
Filled with dopamine specialist neurons associated with feelings of euphoria and can be triggered through smoking Repeated use of the system can lead to desensitisation which they need to greater doses required
38
Biological Stages of nicotine addiction
1-injestation of nicotine stimulates NacR which increases alertness memory function and learning 2-this action causes arise in dopamine activity in the VTA giving nicotine it rewarding sensation 3-this activity is projected to the nucleus accumbens (a pro producer of dopamine) 4- rise in dopamine causes uses to evaluate smoking behaviour as pleasurable making them want more 5-At the same time the NA encourage more dopamine as well as endorphins that reduce GABA which causes further rises in dopamine 6- cigarette smoke also contains substances the block MAO which is responsible for breaking down dopamine 7- also causes glutamate to speed up dopamine release and prevent GABA from slowing the brain down
39
D’souza and Markous
Blocking transmission of glutamate in rats resulted in a decrease in nicotine intake and nicotine seeking also decreases when Gabba was enhanced
40
Nicotine regulation model
After a period without a cigarette for example sleep the down regulated NacR becomes upregulated and more sensitive This produces feelings of anxiety, agitation and restlessness dopamine levels will also have dropped Smoking very quickly reduces the symptoms
41
Evaluations of biological explanation for Nicotiene
+developing therapies (Davison) + scientific (Cerebal spinal fluid) -not everyone becomes addicted (individual differences) -biological reductionism
42
Ennet
Found ‘the family and peer context were primarily implicated’ in the onset of smoking suggesting a strong link between social learning and nicotine consumption
43
Calvert
Showed cigarette packets to smokers who showed strong reactions in ventral stratum suggesting cue reactivity as people were reacting to visual stimuli
44
Evaluation of learning theory of nicotine
+ based on a sound psychological theory +practical application (reducing branding) -environmental determinism -Robinson and berridge
45
Robinson and berridge
Argue, many people try smoking yet do not become addicted despite the rewarding experiences on offer
46
Davison
Inhalers kept 28% of treatment group off of fags for a year
47
Learning theory of gambling
Classical conditioning The neutral stimulus of being at a fruit machine paired with the unconditioned stimulus of winning fruit machine creates a condition response of excitement
48
Gambling positive reinforcement
Winning a better axis of reinforcement to carry on betting
49
Punishment in gambling
Punishment does not extinguish the behaviour because of cognitive viruses as they see winning as a skill and losing as a near miss
50
Partial reinforcement
When bets are not always rewarded and the unpredictability will keep gambler interested even when rewards aren’t present
51
4 reinforcement schedules
Fixed interval Fixed ratio Variable interval Variable ratio
52
Fixed interval
First response after given insult of time is reinforced
53
Fixed ratio
Every nth response may be reinforced for example every 25th play
54
Variable interval
The first response after a given period of time is reinforced but the interval time changes
55
Variable ratio
Most effective ratio in gambling every nth number is reinforced, but the gap between them varies
56
Dickerson
Horse racing gamblers waited until two minutes before a race to place a bit to prolong the rewarding excitement felt before the race
57
Evaluations of learning theory of gambling
+ Dickerson -Explanatory power (not all types of gambling ie poker as it requires skill and has low time contiguity) - Individual differences
58
Rickwood four types of cognitive distortion
Skill and judgement Personal characteristics and rituals Faulty perceptions Self medication
59
Skill and judgement
Gamblers overestimate the amount of control they have illusion of control more likely with fruit machines which gave a gambler a feeling of control with features such as ‘nudge’ and ‘hold’ Or lottery trying to spot patterns
60
Personal characteristics and rituals
Gamblers sometimes believe themselves to be naturally lucky or engaging ritualistic behaviour prior to or during gambling i.e. lucky socks Selective recall - overestimate wins and underestimate losses see big losses as totally inexplicable
61
5 faulty perceptions
Gamblers fallacy Availability bias Hindsight bias Flexible attribution
62
Gambler fallacy
Random events equal themselves out over time ‘ I haven’t had a win for months so I’m due one’
63
Availability bias
Only see big wins and don’t see the bigger losses Big lottery winners get lots of coverage leading us to believe it’s a common occurrence
64
Hindsight bias
Gamblers look back a big wins and big losses and say they expected it thought to give them a irrational sense of control
65
Flexible attribution
Winning down to skill, but losses are due to factors outside their control
66
Near miss bias
See losses as almost winning rather than losing
67
Griffiths
Gave £3 to cameras and non-gamblers if they’ve got to 60 gambles on a fruit machine they could carry on Gamblers are actually a bit more skill for the non-gamblers but not to the extent they believe Gamblers also made irrational verbalisations during gambling and humanised the machines
68
Evaluations of cognitive approach to gambling
+ griffiths +Prac app Ladoucet -Cause and effect between cognitions and gambling -black et al
69
Ladoucer
Found cbt to be 86% effective when treating 66 pathological gamblere Aims to fix faulty cognitions and turn irrational ways of thinking rational
70
Aversives
Aim to produce vomiting when drug is taken alongside addicted drug to purposely encourage individual vomit Upon several times, vomiting with the drug encouraging uses to stop
71
Antagonist
These bind to receptor sites and block them so drug cannot be as effective for example bupropion
72
Agonist
Drug substitutes (methadone) they bind to neuron receptors and activate them much like the addicted drug but they’re safer and more regulated
73
Agonist
Drug substitutes (methadone) they bind to neuron receptors and activate them much like the addicted drug but they’re safer and more regulated
74
NRT
Aims to deliver drug without other harmful chemicals found in cigarettes for example gum inhalers or patches
75
Evaluation of drug therapy to treat addiction
+ stead -side effects (NRT cause dizziness,headaches, sleep issues) +less effort required than cog therapies -Can’t change cue sensitivity or personality traits
76
Antabuse
Speed up link between drinking and hangover giving alcohol time consecrate
77
Antabuse
Speed up link between drinking and hangover giving alcohol time consecrate
78
Evaluation of aversion therapy
+howard + economic (us 232 mil working days lost) -ethics (short term distress) -not underlying issue
79
Evaluation of aversion therapy
+howard + economic (us 232 mil working days lost) -ethics (short term distress) -not underlying issue
80
Stead
Reviewed 150 studies and found NRT are more effective than placebo drugs up to 70% more likely to be abstaining from smoking after six months
81
Howard
Found by pairing alcohol with vomit through use of Antabuse participants recordings of positive experiences dropped significantly
82
Covert sensitisation
Precious during 1970s pushed a version therapy out of the landline clients are asked to imagine how vomiting would feel It requires a client be effective in using their imagination and the therapist needs to be skilled in getting the client to all elements of the imagined environment they’re in Phobias are often incorporated in order to elicit the necessary reactions so a alcoholic could be asked to imagine drinking and throwing up if they emetiphobic
83
evaluations of covert sensitisation
+more ethical -highly skilled therapist (£) +McConaghey -Unscientific as it relies on imagination
84
CBT gambling addiction
Challenging a rational thoughts and teaching Copen strategies to deal with the sudden onset of episodes or temptations to relapse. Folks are making the client self-sufficient. Cognitive restructuring -therapist may teach client about addictions where they come from? And how they work? for example in nature of chance and gamb
85
Functional analysis
Therapist works of clients identify behavioural patterns and thoughts relating to the addiction. They encouraged to come up with their own reasons to beat the addiction and build a plan that future sessions will monitor.
86
Interpersonal reasons for relapse
Social pressures such as being in the pub
87
Intra personal factors for relapse
Stress or negative emotions that may trigger a desire to return to the addiction
88
Evaluations of CBT in gambling
+Ladoucer - Cuijpers drop out rates -not for everyone (14%) - can’t change personality and genes etc
89
Theory of planned behaviour
Attitudes Subjective norms Perceived behavioural control
90
Theory of planned behaviour
Attitudes Subjective norms Perceived behavioural control
91
Attitudes
If addict recognises the behaviour is a negative one this increases the chance of recovery
92
Subjective norm
The belief of the group the addict belongs to if an addict is surrounded by other addict then there is a big chance the group will not realise their problem
93
Subjective norm
The belief of the group the addict belongs to if an addict is surrounded by other addict then there is a big chance the group will not realise their problem
94
Perceived behavioural control
If an addict has an external of control, they’ll fill their attempts will be fruitless and they will never be their addiction
95
Godin
Found most important predictor of smoking behaviour was perceived behaviour control suggesting to help people break smoking addictions people should focus on developing willpower and the efforts this requires to quit this having greater perceived control.
96
Godin
Found most important predictor of smoking behaviour was perceived behaviour control suggesting to help people break smoking addictions people should focus on developing willpower and the efforts this requires to quit this having greater perceived control.
97
Hagger
Tested theory of plant behaviour with correlated behaviour with 486 employees and found three factors or predicted behaviour intentions to limit alcohol and intake
98
Evaluations of TPB
+ Hagger + prac app in therapy or changing attitudes - too rational - mechanical reductionism
99
Prochaska 6 stages
Precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance termination
100
Precontemplation
Addicts aren’t thinking about changing behaviour could be denial or demotivation because of relapse
101
Contemplation
Thinking about changing the behaviour not made any plans yet starting to recognise it may be an issue
102
Preparation
Plans being made to change behaviour as addict will see benefits out weigh the costs
103
Action
Made attempts to change behaviour therapy focuses on attempts to maintain new behaviour
104
Maintenance
Relapse as possible and likely so avoidance of the addiction is still required. Conference will start to blossom in the individual
105
Maintenance
Relapse as possible and likely so avoidance of the addiction is still required. Conference will start to blossom in the individual
106
Termination
No longer attempted by addiction however it is theorised this stage may not even be possible for more severe addictions
107
Evaluation of prochaska
+gives clear idea of where they are + recognises relapse is normal -mechanical reductionism -too rational

Psychology (11 decks)

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