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Addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical dependency

A

Your body depends on substances for survival it’s a result of long term use

A physiological need for a drug marked by withdrawal symptoms

Day to day functioning can become reliant on the substance

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2
Q

Psychological dependency

A

A person must continue to take drug in order to satisfy intense mental and emotional cravings

Individuals feels they cannot cope with everyday work and social life without a particular drug

Absence of the drug causes the individual to feel ANXIOUS IRRITABLE and DEPRESSED

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3
Q

Tolerance

A

Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug. Requires the user to take larger doses before experiencing the same effect

Body’s adjustment to chronic use

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4
Q

3 types of tolerance

A

Metabolic tolerance

Neuron adaptation

Learned tolerance

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5
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A

Enzymes responsible for brain be down the drug become more efficient at their job reducing its effects

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6
Q

Neuro adaptation tolerance

A

Where changes at the synapse occurs eg down regulation may make receptors less sensitive or fewer in number

Reducing the effects

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7
Q

Learned tolerance

A

Result of practice as the person has learned to function normally whilst under the influence

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8
Q

Withdrawal

A

Unpleasant physical or psychological effects follow h discontinued use of a drug.
Can include shaking or tremors, vomiting blood pressure and heart rate changes
These effects are often the consequences of the body reacting to the cessation of the drug
This leads to relapse as users find withdrawal symptoms intolerable

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9
Q

Two types of withdrawal

A

Acute withdrawal: within an hours but usually stops within weeks

Post acute withdrawal: brain, slowly organises and balances could take months/years

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10
Q

Genetic risk factor

A

An addiction cannot be inherited, but genes can cause vulnerability to specific chemical states increasing chances of addiction

Predisposition to fill the sensations of a drug with more intensity

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11
Q

Shields

A

Examine the concordance rate between 42 twin pairs that were reared apart only 9 pairs were actually discordant in their smoking behaviour showing how genetic similarity is a major factor in starting to smoke

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12
Q

Black et al

A

Found 1st degree relatives of gambling addicts were much more likely to suffer the same fate than more relatives

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13
Q

Evaluations of genetic risk factor

A

+ research (black)
+ practical applications not exposing vulnerable people to substances

-reductionism
-determinism
-no 100% concordance rate

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14
Q

Evaluations of genetic risk factor

A

+ research (black)
+ practical applications not exposing vulnerable people to substances

-reductionism
-determinism
-no 100% concordance rate

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15
Q

Stress

A

Stress appears to be a trigger for addictions as a way of dealing with the stress chronic and unmanaged stress is correlated with the onset of an addiction

It is suggested stressful events at certain points of development can have damaging effects on the brain

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16
Q

Stress

A

Stress appears to be a trigger for addictions as a way of dealing with the stress chronic and unmanaged stress is correlated with the onset of an addiction

It is suggested stressful events at certain points of development can have damaging effects on the brain

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17
Q

Driessen

A

Found traumatic events exposed individuals to addictions 30% of drug addicts and 15% alcoholics had some form of early trauma

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18
Q

Driessen

A

Found traumatic events exposed individuals to addictions 30% of drug addicts and 15% alcoholics had some form of early trauma

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19
Q

Hardiness

A

The ability to enjoy difficult conditions it’s a key element to combat stress

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20
Q

Kobasa 3 c’s in relation to hardiness

A

Commitment - string sense of purpose

Control - locus of control

Challenge - individuals see addictions as a challenge to beat rather than a threat

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21
Q

Evaluations of stress as a risk factor

A

+ driessen
-cause and effect
+ hardiness explains individual differences
-Unrealistic to say all stress causes addictions

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22
Q

Personality risk factor

A

Antisocial personality disorder has been strongly linked to addiction as individuals with this disorder have an impulsivity issue
They have high degree of risk they prefer immediate gratification and they are generally lead chaotic lives

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23
Q

Eysenck 3 personality super traits

A

Extroversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

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24
Q

Extra version

A

Extroverts are chronically under aroused so I have to take addictive substances to stimulate themselves

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25
Q

Neuroticism

A

Low emotional stability and a low tolerance for stress so they turned to substance for self medication

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26
Q

Psychoticism

A

Generally antisocial and impulsive leading them to trying addictive substances more often

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27
Q

Verhheul

A

Estimated personality disorders were estimated to be 44% alcoholics 70% in Coke addict and 79% in opiate addict

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28
Q

Eclvuatuons of personality risk factor

A

+verhheul
+individual differences

-deterministic
-socially sensitive
-cause effect

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29
Q

Family influences risk factor

A

Perceived parents approval- parents don’t confront child about addictive behaviour so they assume they approve it

Adolescence were also found to believe that if behaviour is not monitored this constitutes as a parental approval in drug taking

Social learning theory and NSI

If the addiction is every day feature of the family, it will likely be continued by the offspring

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30
Q

Livingston

A

Found when high school students were allowed to drink at home often they became addicted in their first year at college

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31
Q

Evaluations for family influences risk factor

A

+research Livingston
+ practical app (don’t close children)

-determanistic
-socially sensitive

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32
Q

Peer inferences

A

Pay influences are much more powerful at age age of 18

Social learning theory and NSI

O’Connell suggest three major features of drinking and peer pressure

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33
Q

O’Connell three major factors in peer pressure and drinking

A

1- an at risk adolescence attitude and norms about drinking influenced by associating with peers who drink alcohol
2-Experienced peers provide more opportunities for the actress person to drink alcohol alcohol
3-At risk individual underestimates how much they are drinking and drinks to try and catch up

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34
Q

Evaluations of peer influences

A

+ prac app (changing norms about social drinking)
+ face validity

-determanistic
-limited theory (relationship between catching up and becoming a full-blown addict)

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35
Q

Tavolacci

A

High stress in uni students was related to alcahol and drug abuse

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36
Q

Comings

A

Gamblers may inherit a faulty A1DRD2 gene that reduces the number of dopamine receptors meaning individuals are less sensitive to rewards and may seek extra stimulating activities such as gambling

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37
Q

VTA

A

Filled with dopamine specialist neurons associated with feelings of euphoria and can be triggered through smoking

Repeated use of the system can lead to desensitisation which they need to greater doses required

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38
Q

Biological Stages of nicotine addiction

A

1-injestation of nicotine stimulates NacR which increases alertness memory function and learning

2-this action causes arise in dopamine activity in the VTA giving nicotine it rewarding sensation

3-this activity is projected to the nucleus accumbens (a pro producer of dopamine)

4- rise in dopamine causes uses to evaluate smoking behaviour as pleasurable making them want more

5-At the same time the NA encourage more dopamine as well as endorphins that reduce GABA which causes further rises in dopamine

6- cigarette smoke also contains substances the block MAO which is responsible for breaking down dopamine

7- also causes glutamate to speed up dopamine release and prevent GABA from slowing the brain down

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39
Q

D’souza and Markous

A

Blocking transmission of glutamate in rats resulted in a decrease in nicotine intake and nicotine seeking also decreases when Gabba was enhanced

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40
Q

Nicotine regulation model

A

After a period without a cigarette for example sleep the down regulated NacR becomes upregulated and more sensitive

This produces feelings of anxiety, agitation and restlessness dopamine levels will also have dropped

Smoking very quickly reduces the symptoms

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41
Q

Evaluations of biological explanation for Nicotiene

A

+developing therapies (Davison)
+ scientific (Cerebal spinal fluid)

-not everyone becomes addicted (individual differences)
-biological reductionism

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42
Q

Ennet

A

Found ‘the family and peer context were primarily implicated’ in the onset of smoking suggesting a strong link between social learning and nicotine consumption

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43
Q

Calvert

A

Showed cigarette packets to smokers who showed strong reactions in ventral stratum suggesting cue reactivity as people were reacting to visual stimuli

44
Q

Evaluation of learning theory of nicotine

A

+ based on a sound psychological theory
+practical application (reducing branding)

-environmental determinism
-Robinson and berridge

45
Q

Robinson and berridge

A

Argue, many people try smoking yet do not become addicted despite the rewarding experiences on offer

46
Q

Davison

A

Inhalers kept 28% of treatment group off of fags for a year

47
Q

Learning theory of gambling

A

Classical conditioning
The neutral stimulus of being at a fruit machine paired with the unconditioned stimulus of winning fruit machine creates a condition response of excitement

48
Q

Gambling positive reinforcement

A

Winning a better axis of reinforcement to carry on betting

49
Q

Punishment in gambling

A

Punishment does not extinguish the behaviour because of cognitive viruses as they see winning as a skill and losing as a near miss

50
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

When bets are not always rewarded and the unpredictability will keep gambler interested even when rewards aren’t present

51
Q

4 reinforcement schedules

A

Fixed interval
Fixed ratio
Variable interval
Variable ratio

52
Q

Fixed interval

A

First response after given insult of time is reinforced

53
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Every nth response may be reinforced for example every 25th play

54
Q

Variable interval

A

The first response after a given period of time is reinforced but the interval time changes

55
Q

Variable ratio

A

Most effective ratio in gambling

every nth number is reinforced, but the gap between them varies

56
Q

Dickerson

A

Horse racing gamblers waited until two minutes before a race to place a bit to prolong the rewarding excitement felt before the race

57
Q

Evaluations of learning theory of gambling

A

+ Dickerson
-Explanatory power (not all types of gambling ie poker as it requires skill and has low time contiguity)
- Individual differences

58
Q

Rickwood four types of cognitive distortion

A

Skill and judgement
Personal characteristics and rituals
Faulty perceptions
Self medication

59
Q

Skill and judgement

A

Gamblers overestimate the amount of control they have
illusion of control more likely with fruit machines which gave a gambler a feeling of control with features such as ‘nudge’ and ‘hold’
Or lottery trying to spot patterns

60
Q

Personal characteristics and rituals

A

Gamblers sometimes believe themselves to be naturally lucky or engaging ritualistic behaviour prior to or during gambling i.e. lucky socks

Selective recall - overestimate wins and underestimate losses see big losses as totally inexplicable

61
Q

5 faulty perceptions

A

Gamblers fallacy
Availability bias
Hindsight bias
Flexible attribution

62
Q

Gambler fallacy

A

Random events equal themselves out over time ‘ I haven’t had a win for months so I’m due one’

63
Q

Availability bias

A

Only see big wins and don’t see the bigger losses

Big lottery winners get lots of coverage leading us to believe it’s a common occurrence

64
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Gamblers look back a big wins and big losses and say they expected it thought to give them a irrational sense of control

65
Q

Flexible attribution

A

Winning down to skill, but losses are due to factors outside their control

66
Q

Near miss bias

A

See losses as almost winning rather than losing

67
Q

Griffiths

A

Gave £3 to cameras and non-gamblers if they’ve got to 60 gambles on a fruit machine they could carry on

Gamblers are actually a bit more skill for the non-gamblers but not to the extent they believe

Gamblers also made irrational verbalisations during gambling and humanised the machines

68
Q

Evaluations of cognitive approach to gambling

A

+ griffiths
+Prac app Ladoucet

-Cause and effect between cognitions and gambling
-black et al

69
Q

Ladoucer

A

Found cbt to be 86% effective when treating 66 pathological gamblere

Aims to fix faulty cognitions and turn irrational ways of thinking rational

70
Q

Aversives

A

Aim to produce vomiting when drug is taken alongside addicted drug to purposely encourage individual vomit

Upon several times, vomiting with the drug encouraging uses to stop

71
Q

Antagonist

A

These bind to receptor sites and block them so drug cannot be as effective for example bupropion

72
Q

Agonist

A

Drug substitutes (methadone) they bind to neuron receptors and activate them much like the addicted drug but they’re safer and more regulated

73
Q

Agonist

A

Drug substitutes (methadone) they bind to neuron receptors and activate them much like the addicted drug but they’re safer and more regulated

74
Q

NRT

A

Aims to deliver drug without other harmful chemicals found in cigarettes for example gum inhalers or patches

75
Q

Evaluation of drug therapy to treat addiction

A

+ stead
-side effects (NRT cause dizziness,headaches, sleep issues)
+less effort required than cog therapies
-Can’t change cue sensitivity or personality traits

76
Q

Antabuse

A

Speed up link between drinking and hangover giving alcohol time consecrate

77
Q

Antabuse

A

Speed up link between drinking and hangover giving alcohol time consecrate

78
Q

Evaluation of aversion therapy

A

+howard
+ economic (us 232 mil working days lost)

-ethics (short term distress)
-not underlying issue

79
Q

Evaluation of aversion therapy

A

+howard
+ economic (us 232 mil working days lost)

-ethics (short term distress)
-not underlying issue

80
Q

Stead

A

Reviewed 150 studies and found NRT are more effective than placebo drugs up to 70% more likely to be abstaining from smoking after six months

81
Q

Howard

A

Found by pairing alcohol with vomit through use of Antabuse participants recordings of positive experiences dropped significantly

82
Q

Covert sensitisation

A

Precious during 1970s pushed a version therapy out of the landline clients are asked to imagine how vomiting would feel

It requires a client be effective in using their imagination and the therapist needs to be skilled in getting the client to all elements of the imagined environment they’re in

Phobias are often incorporated in order to elicit the necessary reactions so a alcoholic could be asked to imagine drinking and throwing up if they emetiphobic

83
Q

evaluations of covert sensitisation

A

+more ethical
-highly skilled therapist (£)
+McConaghey
-Unscientific as it relies on imagination

84
Q

CBT gambling addiction

A

Challenging a rational thoughts and teaching Copen strategies to deal with the sudden onset of episodes or temptations to relapse. Folks are making the client self-sufficient.

Cognitive restructuring -therapist may teach client about addictions where they come from? And how they work? for example in nature of chance and gamb

85
Q

Functional analysis

A

Therapist works of clients identify behavioural patterns and thoughts relating to the addiction. They encouraged to come up with their own reasons to beat the addiction and build a plan that future sessions will monitor.

86
Q

Interpersonal reasons for relapse

A

Social pressures such as being in the pub

87
Q

Intra personal factors for relapse

A

Stress or negative emotions that may trigger a desire to return to the addiction

88
Q

Evaluations of CBT in gambling

A

+Ladoucer
- Cuijpers drop out rates
-not for everyone (14%)
- can’t change personality and genes etc

89
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

Attitudes
Subjective norms
Perceived behavioural control

90
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

Attitudes
Subjective norms
Perceived behavioural control

91
Q

Attitudes

A

If addict recognises the behaviour is a negative one this increases the chance of recovery

92
Q

Subjective norm

A

The belief of the group the addict belongs to if an addict is surrounded by other addict then there is a big chance the group will not realise their problem

93
Q

Subjective norm

A

The belief of the group the addict belongs to if an addict is surrounded by other addict then there is a big chance the group will not realise their problem

94
Q

Perceived behavioural control

A

If an addict has an external of control, they’ll fill their attempts will be fruitless and they will never be their addiction

95
Q

Godin

A

Found most important predictor of smoking behaviour was perceived behaviour control suggesting to help people break smoking addictions people should focus on developing willpower and the efforts this requires to quit this having greater perceived control.

96
Q

Godin

A

Found most important predictor of smoking behaviour was perceived behaviour control suggesting to help people break smoking addictions people should focus on developing willpower and the efforts this requires to quit this having greater perceived control.

97
Q

Hagger

A

Tested theory of plant behaviour with correlated behaviour with 486 employees and found three factors or predicted behaviour intentions to limit alcohol and intake

98
Q

Evaluations of TPB

A

+ Hagger
+ prac app in therapy or changing attitudes

  • too rational
  • mechanical reductionism
99
Q

Prochaska 6 stages

A

Precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
termination

100
Q

Precontemplation

A

Addicts aren’t thinking about changing behaviour could be denial or demotivation because of relapse

101
Q

Contemplation

A

Thinking about changing the behaviour not made any plans yet starting to recognise it may be an issue

102
Q

Preparation

A

Plans being made to change behaviour as addict will see benefits out weigh the costs

103
Q

Action

A

Made attempts to change behaviour therapy focuses on attempts to maintain new behaviour

104
Q

Maintenance

A

Relapse as possible and likely so avoidance of the addiction is still required. Conference will start to blossom in the individual

105
Q

Maintenance

A

Relapse as possible and likely so avoidance of the addiction is still required. Conference will start to blossom in the individual

106
Q

Termination

A

No longer attempted by addiction however it is theorised this stage may not even be possible for more severe addictions

107
Q

Evaluation of prochaska

A

+gives clear idea of where they are
+ recognises relapse is normal

-mechanical reductionism
-too rational

Psychology (11 decks)

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