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Psychapathology Flashcards

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1
Q

4 Definitions for abnormality

A

Statistical infrequency

Failure to function adequately

Deviation from ideal mental health

Deviation from social norms

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2
Q

Statistical infrequency

A

a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it is statistically uncommon, or not seen very often in society

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3
Q

a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it is statistically uncommon, or not seen very often in society

A

Statistical infrequency

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4
Q

being unable to cope with the demands of everyday life and live independently in society

A

Failure to function adequately

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5
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

being unable to cope with the demands of everyday life and live independently in society

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6
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

abnormal behaviour should be defined by the absence of particular (ideal) characteristics. Jahoda proposed six principles of ideal mental health

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7
Q

abnormal behaviour should be defined by the absence of particular (ideal) characteristics. Jahoda proposed six principles of ideal mental health

A

Deviation from ideal mental health

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8
Q

where a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it violates unwritten rules (social norms) about what is acceptable in a particular society.

A

Deviation from social norms

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9
Q

Deviation from social norms

A

where a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it violates unwritten rules (social norms) about what is acceptable in a particular society.

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10
Q

Lewis (OCD)

A

Found 37% of his OCD patients had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD

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11
Q

Found 37% of his OCD patients had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD

A

Lewis

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12
Q

How does serotonin cause ocd

A

Lack of seratonin because of rapid reuprake = low mood which can lead to ocd development

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13
Q

Evaluation of genetic reasons for OCD

A

+ research support (marini and stebnicki)

-reductionist

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14
Q

Evaluations for neural reasons for OCD

A

+ practical applications (soomro)

-correlational (seratonin levels)
-reductionism

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15
Q

SSRI’s

A

Prozak (fluoxetine) Prevent the reuptake of seratonin leaving more in the synapse to stimulate the post/synaptic neuron

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16
Q

Prozak Prevent the reuptake of seratonin leaving more in the synapse to stimulate the post/synaptic neuron

A

SSRI’s

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17
Q

Strengths of OCD treatment

A

Effective (Soomro)

Cheaper and non disruptive (heald,steadman,Davis)

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18
Q

Weaknesses of OCD treatments

A

Potential side affects (blurred vision and indigestion)

Biased evidence (Goldacre)

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19
Q

Biased evidence for SSRI’s

A

Goldacre

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20
Q

Goldacre

A

Biased evidence for SSRI’s (sponsorship)

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21
Q

Marini and stebecki

A

Someone is 4x as likely to develop ocd if someone in their family has it

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22
Q

Someone is 4x as likely to develop ocd if someone in their family has it

A

Marini and Stebecki

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23
Q

Becks negative triad

A

Negative views about world
Negative views about on self
Negative views about future

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24
Q

Negative schemas

A

Negative framework to make sense of new info

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25
Q

Negative schemas can be triggered by

A

Loss of parent
Abuse
Criticism by parents and teachers

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26
Q

Sociotropic schemas

A

Individuals see themselves as failing at relationships

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27
Q

Individuals see themselves as failing at relationships

A

Sociotropic schemes

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28
Q

Autonomous schemas

A

Individuals see themselves as failing to achieve goals in life and work

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29
Q

Individuals see themselves as failing to achieve goals in life and work

A

Autonomous schemas

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30
Q

Self-critical schemas

A

Person perceptions of short comings

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31
Q

Person perceptions of short comings

A

Self-critical schemas

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32
Q

Cognitive bias

A

When depressed people attend to negative aspect of a situation

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33
Q

When depressed people attend to negative aspect of a situation

A

Cognitive bias

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34
Q

Overgeneralisation

A

Tendency to make general conclusion based on single events ‘this always happens to me’

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35
Q

Tendency to make general conclusion based on single events ‘this always happens to me’

A

Overgeneralisation

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36
Q

Personalisation

A

The negative feelings of others are attributed to something about you. ‘He didn’t say hello, he must not like me’

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37
Q

The negative feelings of others are attributed to something about you. ‘He didn’t say hello, he must not like me’

A

Personalisation

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38
Q

Minimisation

A

Underplaying positive achievements

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39
Q

Underplaying positive achievements

A

Minimisation

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40
Q

Magnification

A

Exagerating the significance of event

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41
Q

Exagerating the significance of event

A

Magnification

42
Q

Selective abstraction

A

A tendency to focus on some aspects and ignore other aspects that could lead to positive conclusions (dwelling on something bad)

43
Q

A tendency to focus on some aspects and ignore other aspects that could lead to positive conclusions (dwelling on something bad)

A

Selective abstraction

44
Q

Ellis’ ABC model

A

How you think about something that’s happened to you

Activating event
Beliefs (how you feel about the event)
Consequences (emotional response to belief)

Ppl with depression place too much emphasis on the event

45
Q

Strengths of explanations for depression

A

+ practical applications (cbt)
+ research support (Cohen)
+ complete explanation (diathesis stress model)

46
Q

Cohen et al

A

Studied 473 adults and found that showing cognitive vulnerability predicted later depression

47
Q

CBT

A

Aimed at turning irrational thoughts about the individual and the world around into rational ones

Aims to get the person to a point they can work Out their own ways of tackling their own problems

48
Q

Aimed at turning irrational thoughts about the individual and the world around into rational ones

Aims to get the person to a point they can work Out their own ways of tackling their own problems

A

CBT

49
Q

Becks CBT 4 stages

A

1) identifying negative thinking patterns in depressed patients
2) challenging irrational thoughts of patients
3)skill acquisition and application (homework)
4) follow-up (reflecting)

50
Q

REBT

A

Dispute (challenging thoughts)
Effect (see a more beneficial effect)
Feelings (new feelings produced)

51
Q

Strengths of treating depression

A

+Ellis claimed a 90% success rate with REBT

+tackled root cause of problem unlike anti depressants

52
Q

Weaknesses of treating depression

A

-expensive compared to drug therapy

-not as effective in severe cases as clients can’t motivate themself to engage

53
Q

Little Albert study name

A

Watson and Rayner

54
Q

Watson and rayner

A

Little Albert study

55
Q

Two process model

A

Mower

56
Q

Mower

A

Two process model

57
Q

Graziolli and terry

A

Assessed the thinking styles of 65 women before giving birth and found those with a negative thinking style were more likely to develop post-partum depression

58
Q

Assessed the thinking styles of 65 women before giving birth and found that those with negative thinking styles were more likely to develop postpartum depression

A

Graziolli and terry

59
Q

March

A

At 36 weeks CBT and drug therapy had an effectiveness rate of 81%, combined 86%

60
Q

At 36 weeks CBT and drug therapy had an effectiveness rate of 81%,

A

March

61
Q

Evaluation of statistical infrequency

A

+impartial fair assessment of abnormality
+ prac app (helping someone with a low iq)

  • who decides boundaries
    -25% suffer depression making it normal
62
Q

Evaluation of deviation from social norms

A

+ takes into account different types of norms (situational and developmental)
+ allows society to intervene when necessary as they make their own norms

  • subjectivity
  • changing social norms
63
Q

Evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health

A

+progressive def (emphasis on what we need to do)
+ allows for goal setting

  • may be unrealistic
  • subjective
    -culture bound (autonomy)
64
Q

Jahodas ideal mental health 5 categories

A

Accurate perception of reality
Autonomy
Integration
Self-attitudes
Environmental mastery

65
Q

Evaluation of failure to function adequately

A

+ focuses on observable behaviour
+ practical applications to help people

  • observer subjectivity
  • hard to achieve normality
66
Q

3 features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)

A

Unpredictability= displaying unexpected behaviours characterised by a loss of control like attempting suicide

Observer discomfort= behaviour carried out is making surrounding people uncomfortable

Irrationality= displaying behaviour that cannot be explained in a rational way

67
Q

Cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Recognition of exaggerated anxiety

68
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Delusions
Reduced concentration (may be from lack of sleep)
Thoughts of death

69
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Recurrent thought patterns (obsessions)
Self generated recognition (aware thoughts are own)
Realisation of inappropriateness

70
Q

Behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Avoidant behaviour and a disruption of functioning

71
Q

Behavioural characteristics of depression

A

Loss of energy
Loss of interest in enjoyed activities
Weight changed
Sleep issues

72
Q

Behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

debilitation of functioning
Social impairment

Compulsions

73
Q

Emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Persistany excessive fear

74
Q

Emotional characteristics of depression

A

Loss of enthusiasm
Constant depressed mood
Feelings of worthlessness

75
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Extreme anxiety
Fear of loss of identity (feel thoughts aren’t yours)

76
Q

March and Benton

A

For kids Approximately 45-65% of the risk of getting OCD is genetics

27-47% in adults

77
Q

For kids Approximately 45-65% of the risk of getting OCD is genetics

27-47% in adults

A

March and Benton

78
Q

Taylor (ocd)

A

Suggested up to 230 different genes may be involved in ocd

79
Q

SERT gene

A

Deals with how efficiently serotonin is transported across synaptic gap. When it goes faulty it leads to ocd

80
Q

COMT gene

A

COMT is responsible for clearing dopamine from synapses and low activity of COMT can lead to compulsions of ocd

81
Q

Neural explanation of ocd

A

Orbital frontal cortex detects problem

Cingulate gyrus comes up with soloution

Caudate nucleus tells you to move on

Faulty caudate nucleus means someone will have ocd as failure to recognise job is complete

82
Q

Chen et al

A

Found that decreases in left caudate nucleus connectivity was positively associated with the duration of OCD

83
Q

Half life of SSRI

A

Roughly 26 hours meaning once a day intake

84
Q

Soomro

A

Found pts in all 17 studies reviews shows significantly more improvement with SSRIs than controls receiving placebo drugs

85
Q

Who Found pts in all 17 studies reviews shows significantly more improvement with SSRIs than controls receiving placebo drugs

A

Soomro

86
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Anti anxiety drug to calm the patient down can be used to treat OCD
Calm the brain down by enhancing GABA

87
Q

Starcevic

A

Found 38.6% of an OCD sample has been prescribed benzos of whom 96% took them alongside SSRISs
However Postwick found there was no evidence they were effective at all

88
Q

Heald, Steadman and Davis et al

A

Found daily dose of SSRIs is £0.02

89
Q

Mcintosh and fischer

A

Found no distinct types of thinking suggesting that becks negative triad is not realistic to how people with depression think

90
Q

Weaknesses of depression explanations

A
  • Mcintosh and Fischer
    -cause and effect
91
Q

Acquisition of phobia

A

Classical conditioning from a traumatic event. Associating the trauma from event with the object

92
Q

Little Albert study

A

Taught to be scared of white rat through loud noises

93
Q

Maintaince of phobia

A

Operant conditioning reward and punishments come from avoiding or escaping phobias.

94
Q

Systematic desensitisation (wolpe)

A

Seeks to counter condition suffered by replacing fear with feelings of calm

Client learns relaxation techniques and works through hierarchy of fear

Sufferers will go to 4-6 sessions but can be more

95
Q

In vitro

A

Imagination of exposure to phobic stimulus

96
Q

In vivo

A

Actually exposed to phobic stimulus

97
Q

Menzies and Clarke

A

Found in vivo techniques were generally more effective but sometimes it has to be imagined

98
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Cannot feel two major emotions at the same time about the same thing

99
Q

Rothbaum

A

Used systematic desensitisation with pts who were afraid of flying and found that 93% agreed to take a flight and their anxiety was lower than a normal treatment group

100
Q

Evaluations of systematic desensitisation

A

+ rothbaum
+ ethical
-aerological fallacy
-slow
-only works for object based phobias

101
Q

Flooding

A

Clients ever to most fearful scenario immediately to overwhelm and normalise the fear response

Body is exhausted of fight or flight and anxiety calms down

Psychology (11 decks)

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