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Psychapathology Flashcards

1
Q

4 Definitions for abnormality

A

Statistical infrequency

Failure to function adequately

Deviation from ideal mental health

Deviation from social norms

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2
Q

Statistical infrequency

A

a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it is statistically uncommon, or not seen very often in society

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3
Q

a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it is statistically uncommon, or not seen very often in society

A

Statistical infrequency

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4
Q

being unable to cope with the demands of everyday life and live independently in society

A

Failure to function adequately

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5
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

being unable to cope with the demands of everyday life and live independently in society

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6
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

abnormal behaviour should be defined by the absence of particular (ideal) characteristics. Jahoda proposed six principles of ideal mental health

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7
Q

abnormal behaviour should be defined by the absence of particular (ideal) characteristics. Jahoda proposed six principles of ideal mental health

A

Deviation from ideal mental health

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8
Q

where a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it violates unwritten rules (social norms) about what is acceptable in a particular society.

A

Deviation from social norms

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9
Q

Deviation from social norms

A

where a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it violates unwritten rules (social norms) about what is acceptable in a particular society.

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10
Q

Lewis (OCD)

A

Found 37% of his OCD patients had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD

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11
Q

Found 37% of his OCD patients had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD

A

Lewis

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12
Q

How does serotonin cause ocd

A

Lack of seratonin because of rapid reuprake = low mood which can lead to ocd development

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13
Q

Evaluation of genetic reasons for OCD

A

+ research support (marini and stebnicki)

-reductionist

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14
Q

Evaluations for neural reasons for OCD

A

+ practical applications (soomro)

-correlational (seratonin levels)
-reductionism

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15
Q

SSRI’s

A

Prozak (fluoxetine) Prevent the reuptake of seratonin leaving more in the synapse to stimulate the post/synaptic neuron

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16
Q

Prozak Prevent the reuptake of seratonin leaving more in the synapse to stimulate the post/synaptic neuron

A

SSRI’s

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17
Q

Strengths of OCD treatment

A

Effective (Soomro)

Cheaper and non disruptive (heald,steadman,Davis)

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18
Q

Weaknesses of OCD treatments

A

Potential side affects (blurred vision and indigestion)

Biased evidence (Goldacre)

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19
Q

Biased evidence for SSRI’s

A

Goldacre

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20
Q

Goldacre

A

Biased evidence for SSRI’s (sponsorship)

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21
Q

Marini and stebecki

A

Someone is 4x as likely to develop ocd if someone in their family has it

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22
Q

Someone is 4x as likely to develop ocd if someone in their family has it

A

Marini and Stebecki

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23
Q

Becks negative triad

A

Negative views about world
Negative views about on self
Negative views about future

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24
Q

Negative schemas

A

Negative framework to make sense of new info

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25
Negative schemas can be triggered by
Loss of parent Abuse Criticism by parents and teachers
26
Sociotropic schemas
Individuals see themselves as failing at relationships
27
Individuals see themselves as failing at relationships
Sociotropic schemes
28
Autonomous schemas
Individuals see themselves as failing to achieve goals in life and work
29
Individuals see themselves as failing to achieve goals in life and work
Autonomous schemas
30
Self-critical schemas
Person perceptions of short comings
31
Person perceptions of short comings
Self-critical schemas
32
Cognitive bias
When depressed people attend to negative aspect of a situation
33
When depressed people attend to negative aspect of a situation
Cognitive bias
34
Overgeneralisation
Tendency to make general conclusion based on single events ‘this always happens to me’
35
Tendency to make general conclusion based on single events ‘this always happens to me’
Overgeneralisation
36
Personalisation
The negative feelings of others are attributed to something about you. ‘He didn’t say hello, he must not like me’
37
The negative feelings of others are attributed to something about you. ‘He didn’t say hello, he must not like me’
Personalisation
38
Minimisation
Underplaying positive achievements
39
Underplaying positive achievements
Minimisation
40
Magnification
Exagerating the significance of event
41
Exagerating the significance of event
Magnification
42
Selective abstraction
A tendency to focus on some aspects and ignore other aspects that could lead to positive conclusions (dwelling on something bad)
43
A tendency to focus on some aspects and ignore other aspects that could lead to positive conclusions (dwelling on something bad)
Selective abstraction
44
Ellis’ ABC model
How you think about something that’s happened to you Activating event Beliefs (how you feel about the event) Consequences (emotional response to belief) Ppl with depression place too much emphasis on the event
45
Strengths of explanations for depression
+ practical applications (cbt) + research support (Cohen) + complete explanation (diathesis stress model)
46
Cohen et al
Studied 473 adults and found that showing cognitive vulnerability predicted later depression
47
CBT
Aimed at turning irrational thoughts about the individual and the world around into rational ones Aims to get the person to a point they can work Out their own ways of tackling their own problems
48
Aimed at turning irrational thoughts about the individual and the world around into rational ones Aims to get the person to a point they can work Out their own ways of tackling their own problems
CBT
49
Becks CBT 4 stages
1) identifying negative thinking patterns in depressed patients 2) challenging irrational thoughts of patients 3)skill acquisition and application (homework) 4) follow-up (reflecting)
50
REBT
Dispute (challenging thoughts) Effect (see a more beneficial effect) Feelings (new feelings produced)
51
Strengths of treating depression
+Ellis claimed a 90% success rate with REBT +tackled root cause of problem unlike anti depressants
52
Weaknesses of treating depression
-expensive compared to drug therapy -not as effective in severe cases as clients can’t motivate themself to engage
53
Little Albert study name
Watson and Rayner
54
Watson and rayner
Little Albert study
55
Two process model
Mower
56
Mower
Two process model
57
Graziolli and terry
Assessed the thinking styles of 65 women before giving birth and found those with a negative thinking style were more likely to develop post-partum depression
58
Assessed the thinking styles of 65 women before giving birth and found that those with negative thinking styles were more likely to develop postpartum depression
Graziolli and terry
59
March
At 36 weeks CBT and drug therapy had an effectiveness rate of 81%, combined 86%
60
At 36 weeks CBT and drug therapy had an effectiveness rate of 81%,
March
61
Evaluation of statistical infrequency
+impartial fair assessment of abnormality + prac app (helping someone with a low iq) - who decides boundaries -25% suffer depression making it normal
62
Evaluation of deviation from social norms
+ takes into account different types of norms (situational and developmental) + allows society to intervene when necessary as they make their own norms - subjectivity - changing social norms
63
Evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health
+progressive def (emphasis on what we need to do) + allows for goal setting - may be unrealistic - subjective -culture bound (autonomy)
64
Jahodas ideal mental health 5 categories
Accurate perception of reality Autonomy Integration Self-attitudes Environmental mastery
65
Evaluation of failure to function adequately
+ focuses on observable behaviour + practical applications to help people - observer subjectivity - hard to achieve normality
66
3 features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)
Unpredictability= displaying unexpected behaviours characterised by a loss of control like attempting suicide Observer discomfort= behaviour carried out is making surrounding people uncomfortable Irrationality= displaying behaviour that cannot be explained in a rational way
67
Cognitive characteristics of phobias
Recognition of exaggerated anxiety
68
Cognitive characteristics of depression
Delusions Reduced concentration (may be from lack of sleep) Thoughts of death
69
Cognitive characteristics of OCD
Recurrent thought patterns (obsessions) Self generated recognition (aware thoughts are own) Realisation of inappropriateness
70
Behavioural characteristics of phobias
Avoidant behaviour and a disruption of functioning
71
Behavioural characteristics of depression
Loss of energy Loss of interest in enjoyed activities Weight changed Sleep issues
72
Behavioural characteristics of OCD
debilitation of functioning Social impairment Compulsions
73
Emotional characteristics of phobias
Persistany excessive fear
74
Emotional characteristics of depression
Loss of enthusiasm Constant depressed mood Feelings of worthlessness
75
Emotional characteristics of OCD
Extreme anxiety Fear of loss of identity (feel thoughts aren’t yours)
76
March and Benton
For kids Approximately 45-65% of the risk of getting OCD is genetics 27-47% in adults
77
For kids Approximately 45-65% of the risk of getting OCD is genetics 27-47% in adults
March and Benton
78
Taylor (ocd)
Suggested up to 230 different genes may be involved in ocd
79
SERT gene
Deals with how efficiently serotonin is transported across synaptic gap. When it goes faulty it leads to ocd
80
COMT gene
COMT is responsible for clearing dopamine from synapses and low activity of COMT can lead to compulsions of ocd
81
Neural explanation of ocd
Orbital frontal cortex detects problem Cingulate gyrus comes up with soloution Caudate nucleus tells you to move on Faulty caudate nucleus means someone will have ocd as failure to recognise job is complete
82
Chen et al
Found that decreases in left caudate nucleus connectivity was positively associated with the duration of OCD
83
Half life of SSRI
Roughly 26 hours meaning once a day intake
84
Soomro
Found pts in all 17 studies reviews shows significantly more improvement with SSRIs than controls receiving placebo drugs
85
Who Found pts in all 17 studies reviews shows significantly more improvement with SSRIs than controls receiving placebo drugs
Soomro
86
Benzodiazepines
Anti anxiety drug to calm the patient down can be used to treat OCD Calm the brain down by enhancing GABA
87
Starcevic
Found 38.6% of an OCD sample has been prescribed benzos of whom 96% took them alongside SSRISs However Postwick found there was no evidence they were effective at all
88
Heald, Steadman and Davis et al
Found daily dose of SSRIs is £0.02
89
Mcintosh and fischer
Found no distinct types of thinking suggesting that becks negative triad is not realistic to how people with depression think
90
Weaknesses of depression explanations
- Mcintosh and Fischer -cause and effect
91
Acquisition of phobia
Classical conditioning from a traumatic event. Associating the trauma from event with the object
92
Little Albert study
Taught to be scared of white rat through loud noises
93
Maintaince of phobia
Operant conditioning reward and punishments come from avoiding or escaping phobias.
94
Systematic desensitisation (wolpe)
Seeks to counter condition suffered by replacing fear with feelings of calm Client learns relaxation techniques and works through hierarchy of fear Sufferers will go to 4-6 sessions but can be more
95
In vitro
Imagination of exposure to phobic stimulus
96
In vivo
Actually exposed to phobic stimulus
97
Menzies and Clarke
Found in vivo techniques were generally more effective but sometimes it has to be imagined
98
Reciprocal inhibition
Cannot feel two major emotions at the same time about the same thing
99
Rothbaum
Used systematic desensitisation with pts who were afraid of flying and found that 93% agreed to take a flight and their anxiety was lower than a normal treatment group
100
Evaluations of systematic desensitisation
+ rothbaum + ethical -aerological fallacy -slow -only works for object based phobias
101
Flooding
Clients ever to most fearful scenario immediately to overwhelm and normalise the fear response Body is exhausted of fight or flight and anxiety calms down

Psychology (11 decks)

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