Attatchment Flashcards
1
Q
Interactional synchrony
A
where an infant mirrors the actions of another person, for example, their facial expressions and body movements
2
Q
where an infant mirrors the actions of another person, for example, their facial expressions and body movements
A
Interactional synchrony
3
Q
Reciprocity
A
A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals and each elicits a response from the other
4
Q
A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals and each elicits a response from the other
A
Reciprocity
5
Q
Shaffer and Emerson’s Theory
A
Stages of attachment
6
Q
Stages of attatchment (name)
A
Shaffer and Emerson
7
Q
4 stages of attatchment
A
1- Asocial Stage
2- Indiscriminate attatchment
3- specific attatchment
4- multiple attachments
8
Q
Asocial stage
A
(0-6 weeks) is first, in which infants respond to people and things with a positive reaction such as a smile, responding similarly to people and objects
9
Q
(0-6 weeks) is first, in which infants respond to people and things with a positive reaction such as a smile, responding similarly to people and objects
A
Asocial stage
10
Q
(6 weeks to 7 months) occurs as infants enjoy human company over objects, but respond similarly to any caregiver. They get upset when someone stops interacting with them
A
Indiscriminate attatchment stage
11
Q
Indiscriminate attatchment stage
A
(6 weeks to 7 months) occurs as infants enjoy human company over objects, but respond similarly to any caregiver. They get upset when someone stops interacting with them
12
Q
(7 - 9 months)
The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort, and protection. It shows fear of strangers (stranger fear) and unhappiness when separated from a special person (separation anxiety)
A
Specific attatchment stage
13
Q
Specific attachment stage
A
(7 - 9 months)
The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort, and protection. It shows fear of strangers (stranger fear) and unhappiness when separated from a special person (separation anxiety)
14
Q
Multiple attachment stage
A
(10 to 18 months) is the final stage. At this age, infants become increasingly independent and form attachments with multiple people in their lives who respond sensitively to them, including grandparents, siblings, or neighbors
15
Q
(10 to 18 months) is the final stage. At this age, infants become increasingly independent and form attachments with multiple people in their lives who respond sensitively to them, including grandparents, siblings, or neighbors
A
Multiple attatchment stage
16
Q
Alert phases
A
Babies have periodic alert phases where they signal they’re ready for a spell of interaction
17
Q
Active involvement
A
Both the baby and caregiver play an active role in interactions
Brazelton describes it as a dance
18
Q
Both the baby and caregiver play an active role in interactions
Brazelton describes it as a dance
A
Active involvement
19
Q
Meltzoff and Moore (synchrony begins)
A
Observed beginnings of interactional synchrony and found babies gestures and expressions were more likely to mirror those of adults more then chance predicts
20
Q
Observed beginnings of interactional synchrony and found babies gestures and expressions were more likely to mirror those of adults very often
A
Meltzoff and Moore
21
Q
Isabella et al (Interactional synch)
A
Observed 30 mothers and babies and assessed degree of synchrony
High level of synchrony was found with better quality attachments
22
Q
Observed 30 mothers and babies and assessed degree of synchrony
High level of synchrony was found with better quality attachments
A
Isabella et al
23
Q
Strengths of Caregiver-infant interactions
A
There’s evidence to show it is important (Isabella et al)
Usually filmed in a lab
24
Q
There’s evidence to show it is important (Isabella et al)
Usually filmed in a lab
A
Strengths of caregiver-infant interactions
25
Weaknesses of caregiver-infant interactions
Hard to interpret a baby’s behaviour
Simply observing behaviour doesn’t tell us it’s importance on development
26
Hard to interpret a baby’s behaviour
Simply observing behaviour doesn’t tell us it’s importance on development
Weaknesses of caregiver-infant interactions
27
Strengths of stages of attatchment
Practical applications in daycare
External validity (natural behaviour)
Shaffer and Emerson research support
28
Grossman et al
(44 families)
Researched role of the father and said it was less important but played a different role in attatchment ( play and stimulation)
29
Who Researched role of the father
Grossman et al
30
Grossman role of father findings
Found that quality of fathers play was related to later attatchments suggesting their role is different to mothers (play and stimulation)
31
Fathers as primary attachment figure (name)
Tiffany Field
32
Tiffany Field
Fathers as primary attachment figures spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants closer compared to secondary caregiver fathers
33
McCallum and Golombok
Homosexually raised infants don’t develop differently to heterosexually raised
(Disputes Grossman)
34
Homosexually raised likes don’t develop differently to heterosexually raised
McCallum and Golombok
35
Strength of Role of father
Real world applications (advice to parental anxiety)
36
Weaknesses of role of father
Lack of clarity over question makes it difficult to give simple answer
Findings may vary depending on methodology used (Eg Grossman vs McCallum and Golombok)
37
Summary of Monotropic theory
A child will have a different and more important attachment to one person (mother)
The more time spent with them the better
38
A child will have a different and more important attachment to one person (mother)
The more time spent with them the better
Monotropic theory
39
Law of continuity (BMT)
The more constant a child’s care the better the quality of attatchment
40
The more constant a child’s care the better the quality of attatchment
Law of continuity (BMT)
41
Law of accumulated separation (BMT)
Effects from every separation add up so best dose is zero dose
42
Effects from every separation add up so best dose is zero dose
Law of accumulated separation (BMT)
43
Social releasers (BMT)
A set of innate cute behaviours a baby is born with to encourage interactions from adults
44
A set of innate cute behaviours a baby is born with to encourage interactions from adults
Social releasers (BMT)
45
Critical period (BMT)
2.5 years where child has to make an attatchment otherwise may face cognitive deficits
46
Sensitive period (BMT)
6 months to 2 years where an infant is most sensitive to forming attatchments
47
6 months to 2 years where an infant is most sensitive to forming attatchments
Sensitive period (BMT)
48
Imprinting
When a newly hatched/born infant follows the first moving object they see
49
When a newly hatched/born infant follows the first moving object they see
Imprinting
50
Lorenz procedure
Split 12 eggs into 2 groups
Half the eggs were hatched with mother and half in an incubator where the first moving object was Lorenz
51
Lorenz findings
Incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere where as the control group followed the mother. They also failed to recognise their mother
He identified a critical period of a few hours
52
Harlows procedure
Raised 16 monkeys with 2 wire mothers
I’m one condition milk was dispensed by plain-wire monkey whereas second condition the mil was dispensed by by cloth covered mother
53
Harlows findings
Baby monkeys cuddled cloth mother in preference to the plain wire and sought comfort when frightened regardless if there was food
This showed comfort was of more importance than food in attachment behaviour
54
Strengths of animal studies
Real world applications (interventions from lack of bonding)
High reliability (controlled environment)
55
Weaknesses of animal studies
Ethical issues (long term distress)
Generalisability to humans
56
Strange situation overview
A controlled observation designed to measure the security of attachment a baby displays towards a caregiver
57
A controlled observation designed to measure the security of attachment a baby displays towards a caregiver
Strange situation
58
Proximity seeking behaviour
A baby with good attachment will stay close to a caregiver
59
A baby with good attachment will stay close to a caregiver
Proximity seeking behaviour
60
Exploration and secure base behaviour
Good attachment enables a baby to explore using their caregiver as a secure base
61
Good attachment enables a baby to explore using their caregiver as a secure base
Exploration and secure base behaviour
62
% of Securely attached brits
60-75%
63
% of avoidant attached brits
20-25%
64
% of resistant attached brits
3%
65
Securely attached behaviour
Kid:
able to seperate
Seem comfort when frightened
Pleasure when parent return
Prefers parents to strangers
Adult:
Trusting relationships
Good self esteem
Comfortable sharing feelings
66
Avoidant attached behaviour
Kid:
May avoid parents
Don’t seek comfort
Little or no preference between parents and strangers
Adult:
Problems with intimacy
Invest little in relationships
Unable to share feelings
67
Resistant attached behaviour
Kid:
Wary of strangers
Distressed when parent leaves
Not comforted by return of parent
Adult:
Reluctant to become close to others
Worry partner will leave
Distraught when relationship ends
68
Strengths of strange situation
Predictive validity
Reliability
69
Weaknesses of strange situation
Ethics
Ecological validity (brofenbrener)
Doesn’t include father
70
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
Cultural variations of strange situation (name)
71
Cultural variation of strange situation name
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
72
Cultural variations of strange situation procedure
Researcher located 32 studies where strange situation had been used
Across 8 countries
Results from 1990 kids
73
Least securely attached country
China 50%
74
% of individualistic resistant attached
<14%
75
% of collectivist resistant attached
>25%
76
Simonella 2014
Italian variation of Strange situation
77
Italian variation of Strange situation (name)
Simonella (2014)
78
Strengths of cultural variations
Reliability
Indigenous psychologist (validity)
79
Weaknesses of cultural variations
Imposed Etic
No Africa or South America
80
Kerns
Secure infants go on to form the best quality friendships where as insecure have difficulties
81
Secure infants go on to form the best quality friendships where as insecure have difficulties
Kerns
82
Hazan and shaver
Love quiz
83
Love quiz (name)
Hazan and shaver
84
Strengths of effects on later relationships
Research support (kerns)
Research support (Hazan and shaver)
85
Weaknesses of effects on later relationships
Methodological problems (deterministic)
Reductionist
86
Maternal derivation
Continual presence of a mother is essential for a babies non-physiological development. Separation from mother has serious social, developmental and cognitive consequences
87
Continual presence of a mother is essential for a babies non-physiological development. Separation from mother has serious consequences
Maternal deprivation
88
Maternal deprivation Effects on development
Intellectual development (goldfarb)
Emotional development (affection less psychopathy)
89
Goldfarb
Found lower IQs with children that remained in institutions as allowed to being fostered
90
Found lower IQs with children that remained in institutions as allowed to being fostered
Goldfarb
91
Affectionless psychopathy
Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions towards others
92
Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions towards others
Affectionless psychopathy
93
44 thieves study procedure
Interviewed 44 criminal teens for signs of AP and their families to establish if they had separation from mother at young age.
Compared to 44 non-criminal but emotionally disturbed teens
94
44 thieves findings
14/44 thieves were AP and 12 of these had mum separation
5 out of remaining 30 also had mum separation
2 out of 44 non-criminals had experienced mum separation
95
Strengths of maternal deprivation
Research Evidence (44)
Practical applications (64 prisons introduced mother and baby units to help with the issues that could be cause from separation from mother)
96
Weaknesses of maternal deprivation
Flawed evidence (44 conducted by bowlby)
Lewis (replicated 44 thrives study with 500 kids and found early separation didn’t predict criminal behaviour
97
Rutter et al procedure
Followed 165 Romanian orphans for many years to measure the extent to which hood care can make up for poor early experiences
Compared with 52 uk adoptees
98
Rutter et al findings
When orphans first arrived in uk half shows signs of delayed intellectual development and most were undernourished
Before 6 months was 102
6m-2y was 86
2y+ was 77
After 6m showed disinhibited attachment
99
IQ of orphans adopted before 6 months
102
100
IQ of orphans adopted between 6 moths and 2 years
86
101
IQ of orphans adopted after 2 years
77
102
Strengths of Romanian orphan studies
Real world applications (changed in institutions)
Evidence shows affects can be overcome (Rutter)
103
Weaknesses of Romanian orphan studies
Generalisability
Long term affects won’t be clear until adulthood
104
Developmental retardation
Children raised in institutions have delayed development and Lowe IQs then peers
105
Love quiz results
Analysis of 620 replies
56% secure 25% avoidant 19% resistant
Those that were secure were most likely to have good relationships with
Avoidant expressed their feelings to fear intimacy
106
Myron-wilson and smith
Through questionaires Found with 196 kids insecurely attatched had friendship issues
Secure didn’t have issues
Avoidant more likely to be bullied
Resistant more likely to be bullies
107
Strengths of effects in later relationships
+ Bailey
+ love quiz
108
Weaknesses of later attachment
-deterministic
- socially sensitive
-reductionist (only parental effects)
-self report data
109
Securely attatched people on love
Love is enduring, mutual trust and less likely to get divorced
110
Love is enduring, mutual trust and less likely to get divorced
Securely attatched
111
Insecurely attatched people on love
Felt love was rare, fell in and out of love easily, found relationships hardest, more likely to divorce
112
Shaffer and Emerson procedure
Observed 60 Glaswegian babies for 18 months
Once a month for a year and then again at 18
Researched asked parents to take verve behaviour of baby and note in diary
113
Shaffer and Emerson findings
Most infants showed seperation protest at 6-8
87% had multiple attatchments at 18
39% of main attatchemnts weren’t to the main carer
114
Weaknesses of stages of attatchment
- based on self report data
- lacks temporal validity (1960s)
-culturally specific
115
Geiger
Fathers are more playful and better at providing challenging situations for children
‘Exciting playmate’
116
Fathers are more playful and better at providing challenging situations for children
‘Exciting playmate’
Geiger
117
Taylor
Men aren’t equipped to form an intense attachment because they lack the emotional sensitivity that woman offer
118
Men aren’t equipped to form an intense attachment because they women the emotional sensitivity that woman offer (name)
Taylor
119
Macaby 4 stages
General orientation towards eachother
Seperation and stranger anxiety
Response to reunion
Proximity seeking
120
Factors affecting attatchment of farther and baby
Degree of sensitivity
Type of attatchment with own parents
Marital intimacy
Supportive co parenting
121
Frodi
Measured sweat conductance’s and blood pressure in mums and dads in response to various stimuli including babies
Found there was no difference between the mother and father suggesting that the mother has no biological predisposition to be PCG
122
Hrdy
Suggests fathers are less able
To detect low levels of infant distress, suggests they are less suitable to be PCG
123
Lamb
Found fathers who became the PCG quickly developed more sensitivity to needs which suggests responsiveness isn’t a female biological trait
124
Belsky
High intimacy between partners was related to secure father-infant attachments
125
Brown
68 families and found high levels of supportive co parenting was related to secure attachments between fathers and children
126
Altrical and precocial
Altrical- born undeveloped and in need of constant care
Precocial- born ready and can walk almost straight away
127
Evaluations of learning theory of attatchment
+ Face validity
- Reductionism
- Harlow
-Shaffer and Emerson (39%
128
Evaluations of Bowlbys Monotropic theory
- socially sensitive
- alternate theories (learning)
+evidence for critical period (lorenz)
+improved facilities for parents at hospitals
129
Internal working model
Takes the attatchment as a child and uses it as a template for future relationships. A schema for how they think relationships should be
130
8 episodes of strange situation
1) mother baby and experimenter in same room
2)mother baby alone
3) stranger joins
4) mother leaves
5) mother returns and stranger leaves
6)mother leaves infant alone
7)stranger returns
8)mother returns stranger leaves
131
Exploring / orientation towards mother
S- explore room with an orientation towards mother
IR- unconcerned with exploring
IA- will explore freely
132
Behaviour when mother leaves
S- some discomfort
IR- instant distress
IA-unbothered
133
Stranger anxiety
S- comfortable with stranger when mother is there
IR- uncomfortable with stranger
IA- comfortable with stranger
134
Return of mother
S- met with pleasure
IR- rejects her
IA- uninterested
135
Behaviour of mother
S- sensitive and supportive
IR- inconsistent
IA- rejected/ignored infant
136
Brofenbrener
Found attatchment behaviour was stronger in a lab situation due to an unknown environment
137
Most avoidant attached country
West Germany 35%
138
Least avoidant attached country
Japan (5%)
139
Most resistant attached country
Israel (29%)
140
Least resistant attached country
Britain (3%)
141
Bucharest early intervention project
Found that orphans raised in institutions were significantly more likely to be classified as having a disorganised type of attatchment
However it had been found that with consistent and sensitive but tiring much of these effects of this institutionalisation can be countered and reversed
142
Love quiz procedure
Analysed replies to love quiz that had 3 sections
The first assessed respondents current or most important relationship
The second assessed general love experiences
The third assessed attatchment type
143
Bailey
Assessed 99 mothers with 1 year old babies on the quality of their attatchment to their own mothers
Found that mothers who reported poor attatchments to their own parents in the interview were much more likely to have kids classified as poor
144
PDD
Short term separation
Protest - how the child reacts in the immediate aftermath of seperation
Despair- on the outside the child calms down but feelings of anger and resentment are still felt
Detachment- child eventually responds to others but is careful of committing themselves. When caregiver returns anger and rejection is common before an eventual acceptance
145
Effects of long term separation
Delinquency reduced intelligence aggression depression and affectivionless psychopathy
146
Disinhivited attatchments
Extreme clingy attention seeking behaviour
Acts innapropriately in social situations
