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Attatchment Flashcards

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1
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

where an infant mirrors the actions of another person, for example, their facial expressions and body movements

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2
Q

where an infant mirrors the actions of another person, for example, their facial expressions and body movements

A

Interactional synchrony

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3
Q

Reciprocity

A

A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals and each elicits a response from the other

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4
Q

A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals and each elicits a response from the other

A

Reciprocity

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5
Q

Shaffer and Emerson’s Theory

A

Stages of attachment

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6
Q

Stages of attatchment (name)

A

Shaffer and Emerson

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7
Q

4 stages of attatchment

A

1- Asocial Stage
2- Indiscriminate attatchment
3- specific attatchment
4- multiple attachments

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8
Q

Asocial stage

A

(0-6 weeks) is first, in which infants respond to people and things with a positive reaction such as a smile, responding similarly to people and objects

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9
Q

(0-6 weeks) is first, in which infants respond to people and things with a positive reaction such as a smile, responding similarly to people and objects

A

Asocial stage

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10
Q

(6 weeks to 7 months) occurs as infants enjoy human company over objects, but respond similarly to any caregiver. They get upset when someone stops interacting with them

A

Indiscriminate attatchment stage

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11
Q

Indiscriminate attatchment stage

A

(6 weeks to 7 months) occurs as infants enjoy human company over objects, but respond similarly to any caregiver. They get upset when someone stops interacting with them

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12
Q

(7 - 9 months)
The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort, and protection. It shows fear of strangers (stranger fear) and unhappiness when separated from a special person (separation anxiety)

A

Specific attatchment stage

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13
Q

Specific attachment stage

A

(7 - 9 months)
The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort, and protection. It shows fear of strangers (stranger fear) and unhappiness when separated from a special person (separation anxiety)

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14
Q

Multiple attachment stage

A

(10 to 18 months) is the final stage. At this age, infants become increasingly independent and form attachments with multiple people in their lives who respond sensitively to them, including grandparents, siblings, or neighbors

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15
Q

(10 to 18 months) is the final stage. At this age, infants become increasingly independent and form attachments with multiple people in their lives who respond sensitively to them, including grandparents, siblings, or neighbors

A

Multiple attatchment stage

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16
Q

Alert phases

A

Babies have periodic alert phases where they signal they’re ready for a spell of interaction

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17
Q

Active involvement

A

Both the baby and caregiver play an active role in interactions

Brazelton describes it as a dance

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18
Q

Both the baby and caregiver play an active role in interactions

Brazelton describes it as a dance

A

Active involvement

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19
Q

Meltzoff and Moore (synchrony begins)

A

Observed beginnings of interactional synchrony and found babies gestures and expressions were more likely to mirror those of adults more then chance predicts

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20
Q

Observed beginnings of interactional synchrony and found babies gestures and expressions were more likely to mirror those of adults very often

A

Meltzoff and Moore

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21
Q

Isabella et al (Interactional synch)

A

Observed 30 mothers and babies and assessed degree of synchrony

High level of synchrony was found with better quality attachments

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22
Q

Observed 30 mothers and babies and assessed degree of synchrony

High level of synchrony was found with better quality attachments

A

Isabella et al

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23
Q

Strengths of Caregiver-infant interactions

A

There’s evidence to show it is important (Isabella et al)

Usually filmed in a lab

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24
Q

There’s evidence to show it is important (Isabella et al)

Usually filmed in a lab

A

Strengths of caregiver-infant interactions

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25
Q

Weaknesses of caregiver-infant interactions

A

Hard to interpret a baby’s behaviour

Simply observing behaviour doesn’t tell us it’s importance on development

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26
Q

Hard to interpret a baby’s behaviour

Simply observing behaviour doesn’t tell us it’s importance on development

A

Weaknesses of caregiver-infant interactions

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27
Q

Strengths of stages of attatchment

A

Practical applications in daycare

External validity (natural behaviour)

Shaffer and Emerson research support

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28
Q

Grossman et al

A

(44 families)
Researched role of the father and said it was less important but played a different role in attatchment ( play and stimulation)

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29
Q

Who Researched role of the father

A

Grossman et al

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30
Q

Grossman role of father findings

A

Found that quality of fathers play was related to later attatchments suggesting their role is different to mothers (play and stimulation)

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31
Q

Fathers as primary attachment figure (name)

A

Tiffany Field

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32
Q

Tiffany Field

A

Fathers as primary attachment figures spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants closer compared to secondary caregiver fathers

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33
Q

McCallum and Golombok

A

Homosexually raised infants don’t develop differently to heterosexually raised

(Disputes Grossman)

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34
Q

Homosexually raised likes don’t develop differently to heterosexually raised

A

McCallum and Golombok

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35
Q

Strength of Role of father

A

Real world applications (advice to parental anxiety)

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36
Q

Weaknesses of role of father

A

Lack of clarity over question makes it difficult to give simple answer

Findings may vary depending on methodology used (Eg Grossman vs McCallum and Golombok)

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37
Q

Summary of Monotropic theory

A

A child will have a different and more important attachment to one person (mother)

The more time spent with them the better

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38
Q

A child will have a different and more important attachment to one person (mother)

The more time spent with them the better

A

Monotropic theory

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39
Q

Law of continuity (BMT)

A

The more constant a child’s care the better the quality of attatchment

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40
Q

The more constant a child’s care the better the quality of attatchment

A

Law of continuity (BMT)

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41
Q

Law of accumulated separation (BMT)

A

Effects from every separation add up so best dose is zero dose

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42
Q

Effects from every separation add up so best dose is zero dose

A

Law of accumulated separation (BMT)

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43
Q

Social releasers (BMT)

A

A set of innate cute behaviours a baby is born with to encourage interactions from adults

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44
Q

A set of innate cute behaviours a baby is born with to encourage interactions from adults

A

Social releasers (BMT)

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45
Q

Critical period (BMT)

A

2.5 years where child has to make an attatchment otherwise may face cognitive deficits

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46
Q

Sensitive period (BMT)

A

6 months to 2 years where an infant is most sensitive to forming attatchments

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47
Q

6 months to 2 years where an infant is most sensitive to forming attatchments

A

Sensitive period (BMT)

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48
Q

Imprinting

A

When a newly hatched/born infant follows the first moving object they see

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49
Q

When a newly hatched/born infant follows the first moving object they see

A

Imprinting

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50
Q

Lorenz procedure

A

Split 12 eggs into 2 groups
Half the eggs were hatched with mother and half in an incubator where the first moving object was Lorenz

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51
Q

Lorenz findings

A

Incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere where as the control group followed the mother. They also failed to recognise their mother

He identified a critical period of a few hours

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52
Q

Harlows procedure

A

Raised 16 monkeys with 2 wire mothers
I’m one condition milk was dispensed by plain-wire monkey whereas second condition the mil was dispensed by by cloth covered mother

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53
Q

Harlows findings

A

Baby monkeys cuddled cloth mother in preference to the plain wire and sought comfort when frightened regardless if there was food
This showed comfort was of more importance than food in attachment behaviour

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54
Q

Strengths of animal studies

A

Real world applications (interventions from lack of bonding)

High reliability (controlled environment)

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55
Q

Weaknesses of animal studies

A

Ethical issues (long term distress)

Generalisability to humans

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56
Q

Strange situation overview

A

A controlled observation designed to measure the security of attachment a baby displays towards a caregiver

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57
Q

A controlled observation designed to measure the security of attachment a baby displays towards a caregiver

A

Strange situation

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58
Q

Proximity seeking behaviour

A

A baby with good attachment will stay close to a caregiver

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59
Q

A baby with good attachment will stay close to a caregiver

A

Proximity seeking behaviour

60
Q

Exploration and secure base behaviour

A

Good attachment enables a baby to explore using their caregiver as a secure base

61
Q

Good attachment enables a baby to explore using their caregiver as a secure base

A

Exploration and secure base behaviour

62
Q

% of Securely attached brits

A

60-75%

63
Q

% of avoidant attached brits

A

20-25%

64
Q

% of resistant attached brits

A

3%

65
Q

Securely attached behaviour

A

Kid:
able to seperate
Seem comfort when frightened
Pleasure when parent return
Prefers parents to strangers

Adult:
Trusting relationships
Good self esteem
Comfortable sharing feelings

66
Q

Avoidant attached behaviour

A

Kid:
May avoid parents
Don’t seek comfort
Little or no preference between parents and strangers

Adult:
Problems with intimacy
Invest little in relationships
Unable to share feelings

67
Q

Resistant attached behaviour

A

Kid:
Wary of strangers
Distressed when parent leaves
Not comforted by return of parent

Adult:
Reluctant to become close to others
Worry partner will leave
Distraught when relationship ends

68
Q

Strengths of strange situation

A

Predictive validity

Reliability

69
Q

Weaknesses of strange situation

A

Ethics

Ecological validity (brofenbrener)

Doesn’t include father

70
Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

Cultural variations of strange situation (name)

71
Q

Cultural variation of strange situation name

A

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

72
Q

Cultural variations of strange situation procedure

A

Researcher located 32 studies where strange situation had been used

Across 8 countries

Results from 1990 kids

73
Q

Least securely attached country

A

China 50%

74
Q

% of individualistic resistant attached

A

<14%

75
Q

% of collectivist resistant attached

A

> 25%

76
Q

Simonella 2014

A

Italian variation of Strange situation

77
Q

Italian variation of Strange situation (name)

A

Simonella (2014)

78
Q

Strengths of cultural variations

A

Reliability

Indigenous psychologist (validity)

79
Q

Weaknesses of cultural variations

A

Imposed Etic

No Africa or South America

80
Q

Kerns

A

Secure infants go on to form the best quality friendships where as insecure have difficulties

81
Q

Secure infants go on to form the best quality friendships where as insecure have difficulties

A

Kerns

82
Q

Hazan and shaver

A

Love quiz

83
Q

Love quiz (name)

A

Hazan and shaver

84
Q

Strengths of effects on later relationships

A

Research support (kerns)

Research support (Hazan and shaver)

85
Q

Weaknesses of effects on later relationships

A

Methodological problems (deterministic)

Reductionist

86
Q

Maternal derivation

A

Continual presence of a mother is essential for a babies non-physiological development. Separation from mother has serious social, developmental and cognitive consequences

87
Q

Continual presence of a mother is essential for a babies non-physiological development. Separation from mother has serious consequences

A

Maternal deprivation

88
Q

Maternal deprivation Effects on development

A

Intellectual development (goldfarb)

Emotional development (affection less psychopathy)

89
Q

Goldfarb

A

Found lower IQs with children that remained in institutions as allowed to being fostered

90
Q

Found lower IQs with children that remained in institutions as allowed to being fostered

A

Goldfarb

91
Q

Affectionless psychopathy

A

Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions towards others

92
Q

Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions towards others

A

Affectionless psychopathy

93
Q

44 thieves study procedure

A

Interviewed 44 criminal teens for signs of AP and their families to establish if they had separation from mother at young age.

Compared to 44 non-criminal but emotionally disturbed teens

94
Q

44 thieves findings

A

14/44 thieves were AP and 12 of these had mum separation
5 out of remaining 30 also had mum separation

2 out of 44 non-criminals had experienced mum separation

95
Q

Strengths of maternal deprivation

A

Research Evidence (44)

Practical applications (64 prisons introduced mother and baby units to help with the issues that could be cause from separation from mother)

96
Q

Weaknesses of maternal deprivation

A

Flawed evidence (44 conducted by bowlby)

Lewis (replicated 44 thrives study with 500 kids and found early separation didn’t predict criminal behaviour

97
Q

Rutter et al procedure

A

Followed 165 Romanian orphans for many years to measure the extent to which hood care can make up for poor early experiences

Compared with 52 uk adoptees

98
Q

Rutter et al findings

A

When orphans first arrived in uk half shows signs of delayed intellectual development and most were undernourished

Before 6 months was 102
6m-2y was 86
2y+ was 77

After 6m showed disinhibited attachment

99
Q

IQ of orphans adopted before 6 months

A

102

100
Q

IQ of orphans adopted between 6 moths and 2 years

A

86

101
Q

IQ of orphans adopted after 2 years

A

77

102
Q

Strengths of Romanian orphan studies

A

Real world applications (changed in institutions)

Evidence shows affects can be overcome (Rutter)

103
Q

Weaknesses of Romanian orphan studies

A

Generalisability

Long term affects won’t be clear until adulthood

104
Q

Developmental retardation

A

Children raised in institutions have delayed development and Lowe IQs then peers

105
Q

Love quiz results

A

Analysis of 620 replies
56% secure 25% avoidant 19% resistant

Those that were secure were most likely to have good relationships with
Avoidant expressed their feelings to fear intimacy

106
Q

Myron-wilson and smith

A

Through questionaires Found with 196 kids insecurely attatched had friendship issues
Secure didn’t have issues
Avoidant more likely to be bullied
Resistant more likely to be bullies

107
Q

Strengths of effects in later relationships

A

+ Bailey
+ love quiz

108
Q

Weaknesses of later attachment

A

-deterministic
- socially sensitive
-reductionist (only parental effects)
-self report data

109
Q

Securely attatched people on love

A

Love is enduring, mutual trust and less likely to get divorced

110
Q

Love is enduring, mutual trust and less likely to get divorced

A

Securely attatched

111
Q

Insecurely attatched people on love

A

Felt love was rare, fell in and out of love easily, found relationships hardest, more likely to divorce

112
Q

Shaffer and Emerson procedure

A

Observed 60 Glaswegian babies for 18 months
Once a month for a year and then again at 18

Researched asked parents to take verve behaviour of baby and note in diary

113
Q

Shaffer and Emerson findings

A

Most infants showed seperation protest at 6-8
87% had multiple attatchments at 18

39% of main attatchemnts weren’t to the main carer

114
Q

Weaknesses of stages of attatchment

A
  • based on self report data
  • lacks temporal validity (1960s)

-culturally specific

115
Q

Geiger

A

Fathers are more playful and better at providing challenging situations for children
‘Exciting playmate’

116
Q

Fathers are more playful and better at providing challenging situations for children
‘Exciting playmate’

A

Geiger

117
Q

Taylor

A

Men aren’t equipped to form an intense attachment because they lack the emotional sensitivity that woman offer

118
Q

Men aren’t equipped to form an intense attachment because they women the emotional sensitivity that woman offer (name)

A

Taylor

119
Q

Macaby 4 stages

A

General orientation towards eachother
Seperation and stranger anxiety
Response to reunion
Proximity seeking

120
Q

Factors affecting attatchment of farther and baby

A

Degree of sensitivity
Type of attatchment with own parents
Marital intimacy
Supportive co parenting

121
Q

Frodi

A

Measured sweat conductance’s and blood pressure in mums and dads in response to various stimuli including babies

Found there was no difference between the mother and father suggesting that the mother has no biological predisposition to be PCG

122
Q

Hrdy

A

Suggests fathers are less able
To detect low levels of infant distress, suggests they are less suitable to be PCG

123
Q

Lamb

A

Found fathers who became the PCG quickly developed more sensitivity to needs which suggests responsiveness isn’t a female biological trait

124
Q

Belsky

A

High intimacy between partners was related to secure father-infant attachments

125
Q

Brown

A

68 families and found high levels of supportive co parenting was related to secure attachments between fathers and children

126
Q

Altrical and precocial

A

Altrical- born undeveloped and in need of constant care

Precocial- born ready and can walk almost straight away

127
Q

Evaluations of learning theory of attatchment

A

+ Face validity

  • Reductionism
  • Harlow
    -Shaffer and Emerson (39%
128
Q

Evaluations of Bowlbys Monotropic theory

A
  • socially sensitive
  • alternate theories (learning)

+evidence for critical period (lorenz)
+improved facilities for parents at hospitals

129
Q

Internal working model

A

Takes the attatchment as a child and uses it as a template for future relationships. A schema for how they think relationships should be

130
Q

8 episodes of strange situation

A

1) mother baby and experimenter in same room
2)mother baby alone
3) stranger joins
4) mother leaves
5) mother returns and stranger leaves
6)mother leaves infant alone
7)stranger returns
8)mother returns stranger leaves

131
Q

Exploring / orientation towards mother

A

S- explore room with an orientation towards mother
IR- unconcerned with exploring
IA- will explore freely

132
Q

Behaviour when mother leaves

A

S- some discomfort
IR- instant distress
IA-unbothered

133
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

S- comfortable with stranger when mother is there
IR- uncomfortable with stranger
IA- comfortable with stranger

134
Q

Return of mother

A

S- met with pleasure
IR- rejects her
IA- uninterested

135
Q

Behaviour of mother

A

S- sensitive and supportive
IR- inconsistent
IA- rejected/ignored infant

136
Q

Brofenbrener

A

Found attatchment behaviour was stronger in a lab situation due to an unknown environment

137
Q

Most avoidant attached country

A

West Germany 35%

138
Q

Least avoidant attached country

A

Japan (5%)

139
Q

Most resistant attached country

A

Israel (29%)

140
Q

Least resistant attached country

A

Britain (3%)

141
Q

Bucharest early intervention project

A

Found that orphans raised in institutions were significantly more likely to be classified as having a disorganised type of attatchment

However it had been found that with consistent and sensitive but tiring much of these effects of this institutionalisation can be countered and reversed

142
Q

Love quiz procedure

A

Analysed replies to love quiz that had 3 sections
The first assessed respondents current or most important relationship
The second assessed general love experiences
The third assessed attatchment type

143
Q

Bailey

A

Assessed 99 mothers with 1 year old babies on the quality of their attatchment to their own mothers

Found that mothers who reported poor attatchments to their own parents in the interview were much more likely to have kids classified as poor

144
Q

PDD
Short term separation

A

Protest - how the child reacts in the immediate aftermath of seperation

Despair- on the outside the child calms down but feelings of anger and resentment are still felt

Detachment- child eventually responds to others but is careful of committing themselves. When caregiver returns anger and rejection is common before an eventual acceptance

145
Q

Effects of long term separation

A

Delinquency reduced intelligence aggression depression and affectivionless psychopathy

146
Q

Disinhivited attatchments

A

Extreme clingy attention seeking behaviour
Acts innapropriately in social situations

Psychology (11 decks)

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