social distribution of offending rates Flashcards
CLASS- reiner 2000 observation of imprisonment based on class
-working class bias in prisons
-74% of prisoners were either unemployed or working low paid jobs
CLASS- houchin 2005
found a strong relationship between living in the most deprived areas of scotland and imprisonment
CLASS- how does crime visibility affect crime rate?
working-class people are more likely to commit street crimes therefore are more visible to police than wc/corporate/state crimes
CLASS- what do self report studies reveal about crime rates?
that there is little difference between classes crime rates
CLASS- what did kinsey 1984 find?
found in Merseyside Crime Survey that poor people suffer more than wealthy people from the effects of crime
CLASS- what did young 1988 say?
poor people are more likely to suffer from multiple victimisation due to a more vulnerable situation/ social problems
GENDER- what percent of prisoners were male in the uk in 2018?
95%
GENDER- Ministry of Justice, what % of arrests were male 2017?
85%
GENDER- what % of all female prosecutions are for television license evasion?
30%
GENDER- what % of all female prosecutions are for shoplifting?
38%
GENDER- roe and ashe 2008 suggested
that men more frequently admit to crime on self report studies
GENDER- Campbell 1980s suggested
that males and females equally admit to crimes in self report studies
GENDER- what is chivalry thesis?
the theory that women are treated more leniently in crime based on patriarchal stereotypes
GENDER- what is an argument against the chivalry thesis?
that it only applies to middle class, white women and it is classist and racist towards other women
GENDER- Hedderman and Barnes 2015 on female imprisonment rates
they have been steadily increasing since1992
GENDER- what did Heidensohn argue about female criminals?
women who deviate from traditional femininity are more harshly punished
GENDER- what % of homicide victims are men?
7/10
GENDER- how many female homicide victims were killed by a husband or partner?
over half
AGE- what % of people prosecuted were aged 10-17 2018?
1%
AGE- what % of people prosecuted were aged 18-20 2018?
5%
AGE- what % of people prosecuted were aged 21+ 2018?
94%
AGE- what % of all crimes are committed by youth
12%
AGE- which age group has the highest reoffending rate?
10-17
AGE- McVie 2004 on age bands in crime
argued that these age bands are used to mask precise crime trends
AGE- soothill et al 2004 on crime types
certain age groups are more likely to commit certain crimes
AGE- young 1988 on age group victims
crime has a larger impact on older people
AGE- CSEW % of people aged 10-15 as victims of crime
10%
ETHNICITY- OCS minority arrest rates
ethnic minorities are more likely to be arrested
ETHNICITY- Ministry of justice on black stop and searches
found that black people are 9 times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people
ETHNICITY- townsley and marshall on institutional racism 2004
london police officers regularly racially profile black drivers
ETHNICITY- newburn 2007 on police racism
police assume areas with higher proportions of ethnic minority residents and the areas become over policed
ETHNICITY- bowling 1999 on police racism
found that white police officers believed that ethnic immigrants antagonised white people and failed to adapt to majority culture
ETHNICITY- holdaway 2002 on canteen culture
institutional racism often took the form of informal language and humour between colleagues
ETHNICITY- wilson and rees 2006 finding
young asian/ black males felt discriminated by the police
ETHNICITY- what % of murder victims in london are black, compared to overall population
44% of murder victims are black, compared to 13% overall population
ETHNICITY- what % have racial hate crimes increased by since 2013
123%
ETHNICITY- how much have religiously motivated hate crimes increased?
by 7 times
CLASS- what % of prisoners are working class?
41%
CLASS- omolade: what % of prisoners have no academic qualifications?
43%
