social distribution of offending rates

Question 1

CLASS- reiner 2000 observation of imprisonment based on class

Answer 1

-working class bias in prisons
-74% of prisoners were either unemployed or working low paid jobs

Question 2

CLASS- houchin 2005

Answer 2

found a strong relationship between living in the most deprived areas of scotland and imprisonment

Question 3

CLASS- how does crime visibility affect crime rate?

Answer 3

working-class people are more likely to commit street crimes therefore are more visible to police than wc/corporate/state crimes

Question 4

CLASS- what do self report studies reveal about crime rates?

Answer 4

that there is little difference between classes crime rates

Question 5

CLASS- what did kinsey 1984 find?

Answer 5

found in Merseyside Crime Survey that poor people suffer more than wealthy people from the effects of crime

Question 6

CLASS- what did young 1988 say?

Answer 6

poor people are more likely to suffer from multiple victimisation due to a more vulnerable situation/ social problems

Question 7

GENDER- what percent of prisoners were male in the uk in 2018?

Answer 7

95%

Question 8

GENDER- Ministry of Justice, what % of arrests were male 2017?

Answer 8

85%

Question 9

GENDER- what % of all female prosecutions are for television license evasion?

Answer 9

30%

Question 10

GENDER- what % of all female prosecutions are for shoplifting?

Answer 10

38%

Question 11

GENDER- roe and ashe 2008 suggested

Answer 11

that men more frequently admit to crime on self report studies

Question 12

GENDER- Campbell 1980s suggested

Answer 12

that males and females equally admit to crimes in self report studies

Question 13

GENDER- what is chivalry thesis?

Answer 13

the theory that women are treated more leniently in crime based on patriarchal stereotypes

Question 14

GENDER- what is an argument against the chivalry thesis?

Answer 14

that it only applies to middle class, white women and it is classist and racist towards other women

Question 15

GENDER- Hedderman and Barnes 2015 on female imprisonment rates

Answer 15

they have been steadily increasing since1992

Question 16

GENDER- what did Heidensohn argue about female criminals?

Answer 16

women who deviate from traditional femininity are more harshly punished

Question 17

GENDER- what % of homicide victims are men?

Answer 17

7/10

Question 18

GENDER- how many female homicide victims were killed by a husband or partner?

Answer 18

over half

Question 19

AGE- what % of people prosecuted were aged 10-17 2018?

Answer 19

1%

Question 20

AGE- what % of people prosecuted were aged 18-20 2018?

Answer 20

5%

Question 21

AGE- what % of people prosecuted were aged 21+ 2018?

Answer 21

94%

Question 22

AGE- what % of all crimes are committed by youth

Answer 22

12%

Question 23

AGE- which age group has the highest reoffending rate?

Answer 23

10-17

Question 24

AGE- McVie 2004 on age bands in crime

Answer 24

argued that these age bands are used to mask precise crime trends

Question 25

AGE- soothill et al 2004 on crime types

Answer 25

certain age groups are more likely to commit certain crimes

Question 26

AGE- young 1988 on age group victims

Answer 26

crime has a larger impact on older people

Question 27

AGE- CSEW % of people aged 10-15 as victims of crime

Answer 27

10%

Question 28

ETHNICITY- OCS minority arrest rates

Answer 28

ethnic minorities are more likely to be arrested

Question 29

ETHNICITY- Ministry of justice on black stop and searches

Answer 29

found that black people are 9 times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people

Question 30

ETHNICITY- townsley and marshall on institutional racism 2004

Answer 30

london police officers regularly racially profile black drivers

Question 31

ETHNICITY- newburn 2007 on police racism

Answer 31

police assume areas with higher proportions of ethnic minority residents and the areas become over policed

Question 32

ETHNICITY- bowling 1999 on police racism

Answer 32

found that white police officers believed that ethnic immigrants antagonised white people and failed to adapt to majority culture

Question 33

ETHNICITY- holdaway 2002 on canteen culture

Answer 33

institutional racism often took the form of informal language and humour between colleagues

Question 34

ETHNICITY- wilson and rees 2006 finding

Answer 34

young asian/ black males felt discriminated by the police

Question 35

ETHNICITY- what % of murder victims in london are black, compared to overall population

Answer 35

44% of murder victims are black, compared to 13% overall population

Question 36

ETHNICITY- what % have racial hate crimes increased by since 2013

Answer 36

123%

Question 37

ETHNICITY- how much have religiously motivated hate crimes increased?

Answer 37

by 7 times

Question 38

CLASS- what % of prisoners are working class?

Answer 38

41%

Question 39

CLASS- omolade: what % of prisoners have no academic qualifications?

Answer 39

43%