gaps in knowledge

Question 1

how many prisoners reoffend?

Answer 1

2/3

Question 2

bonger 1916

Answer 2

argued that crime was directly a result of capitalism’s values of individualism and greed

Question 3

croall 1989

Answer 3

white collar and corporate crimes are harder to detect because they are less visible and more complex than crimes like street violence

Question 4

althusser 1970

Answer 4

control of proletariat is achieved by repressive state apparatus (direct control such as police brutality) and ideological state apparatuses (indirect forms of socialisation into capitalism)

Question 5

murray 1989 on the underclass

Answer 5

the underclass commit most crimes because they have not been socialised into mainstream values

Question 6

what are some advantages to police recorded crime figures?

Answer 6

identifies successfully:
-volume of crime
-the types of crime committed
-trends in crime
-effectiveness of the law

Question 7

what are some disadvantages of self report studies?

Answer 7

-usually cover minor crimes
-poor validity

Question 8

what is youngs critique of victim surveys?

Answer 8

assumes everyone is equally likely to be a victim of crime

Question 9

what % of prisoners are male?

Answer 9

95%

Question 10

what was pollacks theory?

Answer 10

chivalry thesis

Question 11

what % of prisoners are working class?

Answer 11

41%

Question 12

how many women receive a jail sentence after their first offence compared to men?

Answer 12

women: 34%
men: 10%

Question 13

what did gelsthorpe argue about crime rates?

Answer 13

there has not been a rise in female criminality, just harsher sentencing and loss of chivalry

Question 14

what is a left wing approach to the prevention of crime?

Answer 14

structural issues in society, such as poverty and unemployment, need to be addressed in order to long term prevent crime

Question 15

what does braithwaite 1989 say about the labelling of criminals?

Answer 15

there are 2 types of shaming:
-disintegrative shaming
-reintegrative shaming

Question 16

uk government research found that rehabilitive programmes decrease reoffending rates by… ?

Answer 16

14%

Question 17

what are durkheim’s 3 functions of crime?

Answer 17

1. creates boundaries between those who maintain norms and values and those who do not
2. crime can sometimes highlight social injustice, provoking change
3. crimes reinforce collective conscience of morals

Question 18

what is davis’ 4th function of crime, expanding on durkheim’s ideas?

Answer 18

(minor) crime is a safety valve. it provides an outlet for tensions and prevents more serious crimes

Question 19

chambliss 1973

Answer 19

social class status impacts the way behaviour is interpreted

Question 19

what are lemert’s ideas about labelling criminals?

Answer 19

-primary deviance: initial act of deviance
-secondary deviance: deviant behaviour following societal reaction

Question 19

what does stan cohen say about deviance?

Answer 19

the media construct moral panics towards less powerful groups, leading them to become folk devils