gaps in knowledge Flashcards
how many prisoners reoffend?
2/3
bonger 1916
argued that crime was directly a result of capitalism’s values of individualism and greed
croall 1989
white collar and corporate crimes are harder to detect because they are less visible and more complex than crimes like street violence
althusser 1970
control of proletariat is achieved by repressive state apparatus (direct control such as police brutality) and ideological state apparatuses (indirect forms of socialisation into capitalism)
murray 1989 on the underclass
the underclass commit most crimes because they have not been socialised into mainstream values
what are some advantages to police recorded crime figures?
identifies successfully:
-volume of crime
-the types of crime committed
-trends in crime
-effectiveness of the law
what are some disadvantages of self report studies?
-usually cover minor crimes
-poor validity
what is youngs critique of victim surveys?
assumes everyone is equally likely to be a victim of crime
what % of prisoners are male?
95%
what was pollacks theory?
chivalry thesis
what % of prisoners are working class?
41%
how many women receive a jail sentence after their first offence compared to men?
women: 34%
men: 10%
what did gelsthorpe argue about crime rates?
there has not been a rise in female criminality, just harsher sentencing and loss of chivalry
what is a left wing approach to the prevention of crime?
structural issues in society, such as poverty and unemployment, need to be addressed in order to long term prevent crime
what does braithwaite 1989 say about the labelling of criminals?
there are 2 types of shaming:
-disintegrative shaming
-reintegrative shaming
uk government research found that rehabilitive programmes decrease reoffending rates by… ?
14%
what are durkheim’s 3 functions of crime?
- creates boundaries between those who maintain norms and values and those who do not
- crime can sometimes highlight social injustice, provoking change
- crimes reinforce collective conscience of morals
what is davis’ 4th function of crime, expanding on durkheim’s ideas?
(minor) crime is a safety valve. it provides an outlet for tensions and prevents more serious crimes
chambliss 1973
social class status impacts the way behaviour is interpreted
what are lemert’s ideas about labelling criminals?
-primary deviance: initial act of deviance
-secondary deviance: deviant behaviour following societal reaction
what does stan cohen say about deviance?
the media construct moral panics towards less powerful groups, leading them to become folk devils
