Social Cultural DIversity Flashcards
America has been called the most diverse country on the planet. When counseling a client from a different social or cultural background is called…
cross-cultural, multicultural, and intercultural counseling.
multicultural celebrate what?
diversity: age, sex, religion, social class, nationality, health, etc.
cultural pluralism states
minority groups keep their cultural value but conform to majority culture.
Culture refers to
-belief, attitudes, language, art that have been passed down from generation to generation.
-customs shared by a group
-values that are learned/common within the group
What does macroculture and majority culture refer to?
dominant culture that is widely accepted
Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with ppl culturally different
belongs to a different culture than the counselor
In order to diagnose clients from a different culture one must
research and gain info on specifics og the culture
In the U.S. each socioeconomic group represents
a separate culture
What therapist was NOT part of the early social psychology movement?
Eric Berne
_____and_____would say that regardless to culture, humans have an instinct to fight.
Freud; Lorenz.
Freud believed ppl are fueled by aggression and sex. Lorenz “innate aggression theory”.
______believe that aggression is learned. This means that a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults might imitate that behavior.
Social Learning Theory aka Observation Learning.
The APGA, turned to AACD until 1992 and is now ACA, states growth of cross-cultural counseling to
1972 formation of association of non-white concerns in personnel and guidance later known as Multicultural Counseling and Development.
Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life changes
He said midlife crisis for men is 40-45 years old and for women is about 5 years earlier. He wrote “Seasons of men’s life” in 1978 and “seasons of women’s life in 1997.
3 factors to enhance interpersonal attraction
close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs (reciprocity of attraction).
contextualism implies
behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior is occurs.
Carol Gilligan, an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development because
she felt it applied more so to men than women.
_______helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement.
The civil rights movement
______is when a counselor speaks of the probable outcome in a case.
the prognosis, it is the probability one can recover from a condition.
a counselors talks of what they believe must transpire from a psychotherapy standpoint
they are giving a recommendation.
What did the 1971 Stanford Prison experiment demonstrate?
People conform to social roles.
research says
clients in most cases prefer counselors who have the same background as them
Who created the frustration-aggression theory?
John Dollard and Neal Miller
A popular consistency/balance theory in social psychology is_____cognitive dissonance theory
Festinger’s.
Culture is a set of rule, procedures, ideas, values
culture provides ppl with standards of conduct
Mores are beliefs and social customs
regarding right and wrong of behavior. People are punished for violating mores.
who was the first person to focus heavily on sociocultural issues?
Frank Parsons, the father of guidance.
a counselor apart of a research study will be counseling clients in polar regions and then at a point near the equator
their concern is national and ecological culture
Biological similarites and sameness
universal culture
early vocalization in infants
is nearly the same in all cultures
in 1920s, Emory Borgardus developed a social distance scale
this evaluated how one felt toward other ethnic groups. Wanted to keep social distance from a ppl group is seen as a form of prejudice.
Foot-in-door compliance technique has two distinct steps, for a client who needs to make a home visit
always ask if it is okay to come in the home.
Most countries have an official language, a viewpoint, and government. This reflects
national culture
Universal culture is
human culture
Third culture kid (TCK)
a child raised in a culture that is different from their parents’ culture during formative years.
Ethnocentrism
one’s own group is superior overall
-patriotism/nationality
-promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age
Acculturation means
ethnic/minority groups adopt cultural beliefs and customs from majority aka dominant cultures
social exchange theory says
a relationship will sustain if reward is greater than the costs
Counselors working with older adults need to know that
financial security and health are the best predictors for retirement adjustment
Term for counseling older adults
gerontology “gero” counseling
multicultural counselors must diagnose
within the cultural context
What is the bystander effect?
this occurs when the person in distress assumes someone will step in and take charge.
cognitive dissonance theory states
people will look for things that are consistent with their behavior
ex: buying a $5,000 watch and focusing on the positive reviews only
In the U.S. clients who are from the middle or upper class want counselors to
help them figure it out on their own
A traditional culture that places high regard on authority
-passivity of counselor is viewed negatively, wants to receive advice, likes being assigned homework
cognitive dissonance research deals with
cognition and attitude formation
Rogerian person-centered counseling
has been used more often to promote understand btw race and culture
in multicultural counseling “therapeutic surrender” means
client psychologically surrenders to the counselor of a different culture and becomes more open to sharing their feelings
An_______ would have to most difficulty self-disclosing to a white counselor.
African American male
Common made with negative transference with counseling someone from a different culture is
therapeutic resistance
What a monolithic perspective
when a counselor perceives all minority groups as if they are identical.
a client from a different background than the counselor
will speak differently to the counselor than people in their background
Connotation error
emotion content of the word is different from the dictionary definition.
ex: “the dance was bad light night” meaning it was fun/good.
monolingual U.S. counselor
speaks only english
_________was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling
1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling that outlawed educational segregation.
Multicultural counseling adheres to the emic pov…
“cultural-specific” position, sounds in a particular language
“etic” counseling focuses on
sameness of humanity/ universalism
a counselor tells a black client,” If you are unhappy with the system…get out there and change it.”This is ______view point to coping with environment
Alloplastic (changing external environment)
A counselor seeing a Latino male who deals with discrimination says,” I hear what you are saying and I will work on changing your thinking in profound ways” This is ________view point…
Autoplastic (help changing his/her self).
What is conversion disorder/ La Belle Indifferences
they are not bothered by their condition
what is malingering
person faking their condition to avoid tasks
The term “personalism” means
all people must adjust to environmental and geological needs
a client says,” Hi I’m black and it is nearly impossible to hide it.” this implies…
race is not the same as ethnicity
Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. In this theory, a member of a group is tasked with memorizing a list of numbers
will perform better in a group
social psychology, the sleeper effects implies
after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. (a delay may occur before they accept the message).
1908 books by______, helped introduce social psychology in America.
McDougall and Ross
who is associated with obedience and authority?
psychologist stanley milgram
Stanley Milgram found that normal ppl would administer an electric shock to others when instructed to do so were given as…
an authority figure
who tends to affiliate with others?
firstborns and only children
A client tells their counselor they to decide btw 2 PhD programs. Kurt Lewin calls this…
approach-approach conflict (presented with two equally attractive options this approach is less anxiety inducing).
when a person has two negative options
avoidance-avoidance conflict
ex: Idk whether to pay a big fine or go to jail…
male client says he is attracted to a woman who is violent and chemically dependent…
approach-avoidance conflict
-positive is that she is attractive but she is abusive and is an addict.
-toughest conflicts to juggle
well known social psychology experiment ran by Muzafer Sherif et al at a boys’ camp in Oklahoma discovered… (Robber’s cave experiment)
a cooperative maintained goals due to teamwork can bring hostile groups together and reduce competition and enhance cooperation.
a person likely to practice introspection would be a
a single 52 y/o black school administrator.
