Human Growth & Development Flashcards
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Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are…
psychosocial
The Freudian stages are…
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Erik Erikson’s stages are…
- Trust v. Mistrust (Infancy to 18 months) 2. Autonomy v. Shame (toddler to 3) 3. Initiative v. Guilt (Pre-K-5) 4. Industry v. Inferiority 5. Indentity v. Confusion ( 12-18) 6. Intimacy v. Isolation (18-40) 7. Generativity v. Stagnation (40-65) 8. Integrity v. Despair (65+)
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego Psychologists are…
known as radical behaviorists.
(Rosenthal Tip) Psychodynamic theories focus on unconscious processes over what?
Cognitive processes
The ONLY psychoanalyst who created a development theory that encompasses the entire life span was?
Erik Erikson
Why do many scholars believe Freud’s development theory doesn’t cover the entire life span?
This is because the final stage, the “genital” stage, begins at age 12 and is said to continue through life.
What is Milton H. Erickson is known for?
brief psychotherapy and innovation techniques in hypnosis.
Jean Piaget is known for?
Known as the leading name in cognitive development in children.
The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would be most reflective of which person’s work?
Sigmund Freud who created psychodynamic theory. (The id is called the pleasure principle and houses animalistic instincts)
Would Erik Erikson emphasize id or ego?
Ego, the power of control.
Jay Haley is known for?
work in strategic problem-solving therapy.
Arnold Lazurus is known for?
being the pioneer of behavior therapy especially with systematic desensitization (coping with phobias).
Robert Perry is known for?
His ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially college students. Perry stresses the concept of DUALISTIC thinking which is common to teens to help understand good and bad and right from wrong. (Black and white thinking).
Why is Robert Kegan known for adult cognitive development?
He studied interpersonal development and found that people construct reality throughout the life span.
Jean Piaget’s idiographic (examine individuals not groups of people) approach created his theory with 4 stages. What is the correct order?
- sensorimotor. 2. preoperations. 3. concrete operation. 4. formal operations.
What amount of people/groups are studied for nomothetic approaches?
Large numbers of people especially for behaviorism studies or DSM
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research because of…
his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. The child indicated that she feels the small pitcher has less water. This child has not mastered what yet?
They have not mastered conservation yet. Conservation means a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same given any changes in shape (typically master 7-11 y/o).
In Piagetian literature, conservation refers to what?
volume or mass
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as…
concrete operational (7-11 years old).
Who expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg (used stories to find out the level of moral development in children).
Why are Kohlberg’s, Erikson’s, & Maslow’s theories said to be epigenetic?
The process of their theories follows a given order and is systematic.
Why does Vygotsky disagree with Piaget’s developmental stages?
He believes developmental stages do NOT occur naturally instead education intervention is necessary.
John B. Watson is considered the father of what?
He is considered the father of American behaviorism and coined “behaviorism” in 1912.
Jean Piaget believes a child masters the concept of reversibility in the 3rd stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This suggests that…
One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stages of preoperational thought (stage 2) says,” The rain is following me.”
egocentrism, the fact that a child cannot view the world from the point of view from someone else.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested…
three levels of morality aka personal integretity ( 1. pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional).
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as
typing test is to the level of typing skills mastered.
An example of Kohlberg’s Heinz dilemma:
A woman in Europe is dying of cancer. One drug can save her. It is discovered by a local pharmacist. They charge $2000 which is 10 times the cost of making the drug. The woman’s husband, Heinz, could not raise the money and with money borrowed from friend it was only half the sum. The pharmacist refused to reduce the price for him so the husband broke in and stole the drug. Should the husband have done that?
C. G. Jung is the father of what?
analytic psychology
Freud is the father of what?
psychoanalysis
The Term Identity Crisis comes from the world of who?
Erik Erikson
Alfred Adler is the father of what?
individual psychology which focuses on the inferiority complex.
What is RS issues?
Religious and spiritual issues incorporated in positive psychology
positive psychology
the term positive psychology is coined by Maslow and popularized by Martin Seligman (learned helplessness syndrome pioneer).
Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of morality are…
- preconventional (child responds to consequences and reward/punishment influences behavior).
- conventional (one meets the standards of family, society, and nation).
- postconventional (typically hard to reach this level. One is concerned with universal, ethical, dignity, human rights).
Trust v. Mistrust is
Erikson’s 1st stage of psychosocial development ( 8 stages)
A person who mastered Erikson’s 7 stages would be ready for the last stage, the 8th stage called…
integrity v. despair begins at age 60.
What is Harry Stack Sullivan Known for?
His theory of psychiatry ipf interpersonal relations that focuses on social influences. His theory surrounds stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence.
In Kohlberg’s 1st or preconventional stage level, the person’s behavior is guided by …
consequences (“premoral”) a snickers bar, treat, or removal of favorite toy is more important than the law.
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a desire to live up to society’s expectations and a desire to conform.
Kohlberg’s highest level the postconventional morality a person is…
has self-imposed morals and ethics . (Not set by society or family
What notion is a part of Freudian theory?
psychosexual urges
Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, postconventional or self-accepted moral principles…
highest level of morality. however some never reach it.
What does “Hedonism” mean in Kohlberg’s stage 2, preconventional level?
a child’s naive thought process,” If I’m nice others will be nice to me and I’ll get what I want.”
What does the phrase, “operates on the premise that reward guides morals” mean for Kohlberg’s theory?
It is the 1st stage of the preconventional level, punishment v. obedience orientation.
The zone of proximal development
was pioneered by Lec Vygotsky. This term explains the difference btw the performance of a child with or without a teacher.
Freud and Erikson
classified as maturationists because they believe behavior is guided by hereditary factors, but certain behaviors won’t manifest until certain stimuli are present and neural development is at a certain level. The client’s childhood/past is important in counseling.
Marsha M. Linehan established what type of mindfulness?
She created Dialectal Behavior Therapy (DBT) that allows awareness of one’s state of mind and the environment. This is useful for clients who self-harm or have suicidal thoughts and substance abuse users.
John Bowlby, a British psychiatrist, is closely associated with
The terms Bonding and Attachment because he saw it as a means to survive/ adapt. To live a normal life a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 years old.
Arnold Gessel, a maturationist, is the pioneer of what?
using a one-way mirror for observing children. He believes that development is determined mostly by genetics/heredity. So a child must be ready for a center amount of education like kindergarten/.
Margaret Mahler, a pyschiatrist, pioneer what wave of research?
infant and young children. Mahler calls child’s dependence on a female caretaker “symbiosis”…later in life this can cause adult psychosis. (separation-individual theory of child development).
In which Eriksonian stages does the midlife crisis occur?
Generativity v. stagnation. ( est. to be 35-45 years old for men and 5 years earlier for women).
Who is the researcher known for their work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys?
Harry Harlow, believes that attachment is an innate tendency not learned.
The statement: “Males are better than females at math calculations
is true according to Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin’s research.
Eriksonian stage that focuses on sharing life with another person is…
intimacy v. isolation ages 23-34 years.
We often refer to this age group as conformists. What age is likely to conform to their peers?
13-year-old male student
Harry Harlow’s experiment with baby monkeys
the baby monkey was likely to client to the terry cloth surrogate mother over the wire surrogate mother. “contact comfort”
Freud listed the psychosexual stages in order as follows
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
What is the order of Freud’s structural theory of mind?
id, ego, and superego.
What is the definition of manifest? (Freud)
this describes dream material as it is presented to the dreamer.
What is the definition of latent?(Freud)
Latent content is referring to a hidden message behind a dream.
In adolescence…
males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt more often. (this applies to most age ranges).
In the general U.S. pop
suicide rates increase with age.
Is it true that suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode and rarely after depression lifts?
FALSE. Suicidal clients often attempt after the depression lfts.
The fear of death
is greatest during middle age
Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor in
which evolves primarily during the oral stage. This stage occurs from 0-1 years old.
When comparing boys to girls
girls smile more, use more feeling words by 2, and are better able to read verbal cues. (boys are usually active and aggressive).
The freudian stage with the least emphasis on sexuality is
Latency, sexual interests are replaces by social interests like sports or learning. This occurs at the age of 6-12 years.
in terms of parenting young kids
boys are punished more than girls/
Stanley Coopersmith is known for
research on how self-esteem is impacted by child-rearing methods
when development theorists talk about nurture or nature they mean
how much heredity or environment interacts and influences child development.
Stage theorists assume
qualitative changes between stages occur
development
is a continuous process that begins at conception.
Development is cephalocaudal, which means
head to foot because the head of the fetus develops earlier than legs. So cephalocaudal means proportions between head to tail.
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and
assumea the normal oerson has 23 chromosomes, heredity traits transmitted by chromosomes, and genes composed of DNA hold genetic code.
piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. This stage…
abstract thinking occurs and problems can be solved by deduction (logic).
Kohlberg lists WHAT stages of moral development which fall into # of stages.
6;3.
Preconventional (premoral level): 1. punishment/obedience orientation 2. naive hedonism (egotistic).
Conventional (morality of conventional rules and conformity): 3. good or bad child orientation. 4. authority, law, and order.
Postconventional (morality of self-accepted principles): 5. democratically accepted law or social contract 6. principle of self-conscious and universal ethics.
A person who lives by his or her conscience and universal ethical principles.
Has reached Kohlberg’s highest stage of moral development and in the postconventional level of self-accepted principles.
Freud’s Oedipus complex/stage
is the stage where fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite sex parent occur and it happens during the phallic stage age 3-5. (aka phallic-oedipal stage).
In girls, the Oedipus complex may referr to
as the Electra Complex. (inspired by the Greek myth Electra). Dreams of sexual relations with opposite-sex parents and create tensions so eventually they relate more with same-sex parent.
The correct order of Freudian psychosexual or libidinal (libido, sexual impulse or desire) stages is:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Freud is the father of psychoanalysis.
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing
an apparatus known as a visual cliff. this was made by a glass sheet to signify a drop off. By 8 months old one begins to show anxiety from unknown people.
Theorists who believe that development is merely from quantitative changes are referred as
Empiricists, experience is the source of knowledge.
An empiricists view of development would be
behavioristic (they value statistical studies and stress the role of environment).
Harry Harlow’s, monkey experiment with terry-cloth v. wire mothers
ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.
***He found that contact is super important more than milk.
a theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the term for this stance?
Organicism. (Gestalt, Kurt Goldstein which stresses a holistic view).
In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in
the sensorimotor stage. 8 months, object permanence.
a mother hides a toy behind her back and the child believes that it doesn’t exist anymore. The child has not mastered
object permanence and representational thought (object constancy).
A schema (mental representation of the world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in
sensorimotor stage- birth to 2 years
John Bowlby said that
conduct disorders and other forms of psychology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.
Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys showed that animals in isolation during the first few years of life
appeared to be autistic/ trouble communication with others or forming bonds
according to Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, they may______a given a psychosexual stage.
become fixated. This means someone is NOT able to go smoothly from one developmental stage to the next. They are stuck.
an expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude
watching violence tends to make kids more aggressive.
a counselor utilizing “instinctual” is saying
behavior that manifests itself in a normal way for a given species.
the word “ethology” associated with Konrad Lorenz’s work means
the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment.
a child who focuses solely on the clown’s red nose but ignores other features of the clown would display what Piagetian concept?
centration which occurs in the preoperational stage and means that someone focuses on one key trait and does not notice anything else.
Piaget felt
teachers should lecture less and children in concrete operations learn best doing their own experimentation.
Piaget’s preoperational stage
includes acquisition of symbolic schema
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that
each developmental stage needed to be resolved before someone can move onto the next stage
Robert J. Havinghurst
proposed development for infancy and early childhood (learning to walk and eat solid food). Middle childhood 6-12 y/o (learning how to get along and become conscience). 12-18 y/o (prep for career and marriage). 19-30 y/o (select a mate and start and family). 30-60 y/o (assisting teens and develop leisure activity). 60 and up (dealing with loss and retirement).
The tendency for women to wear heels in the U.S. is best explained by
sex-role socialization, children learn gender identity and male/female roles.
Is it true or false that all reinforcers, whether positive or negative, will increase the probability that the behavior will occur?
True
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, derives from who?
Bowlby. (Object in psychoanalysis means the target of one’s love).
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who isn’t doing well in public speaking needs to keep in mind
in general, girls possess better verbal skills and boy possess better visual-perceptual skills and are most active and aggressive.
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during family counseling. The term that best describes this phenomenon
Sibling rivalry
a preschool child’s concept of causality is animistic (supernatural). This means the child attributes human traits to objects. So,the child might imagine that a car or rock is talking to them. This concept relates to
Piaget’s preoperation stage, 2-7 years old. (Animism is when a child acts as if a nonliving object is lifelike. anima is female and anima is male)
Elementary school counseling
is a fairly new field that did not gain traction till the 1960s. (1. it was believe that school teacher could fill this role 2. counseling first was a career focus 3. the problems with children were addressed in secondary school)
According to Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson
80% of men in the study experienced a midlife crisis and at “age 30 crisis” occurs in men who feel like it is too late to make changes.
Erikson’s middle-age stage, 35-60 y/o referred as generativity v. stagnation is what?
the ability to do creative work or raise a family, opposite of stagnation, productive career, and leisure time.
a person who can look back at life with few regrets feels
Ego-integrity, in Erikson stage integrity v. despair.
Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ________is to Erikson…
trust v. mistrust
What theorist was concerned most with maternal deprivation?
Harry Harlow
When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client
suffers from fixation (a person becomes stuck).
Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality stemmed from
the superego
What theorist would likely say aggression is an inborn tendency?
Konrad Lorenz, compared humans to baboons and wolves saying that aggressive behavior is a survival instinct.
Frank Parson is the father of____?
The father of guidance, in 1900s he set up centers for ppl to find work.
The statement,” bad behavior is punished and good behavior is not.” is associated with?
Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level.
a critical period
makes imprinting possible and signifies the behavior must be learned or it wont be mastered at all..
marital satisfaction
often decreases with parenthood and improves when a child leaves home
Maslow, a humanist psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs” which states
lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher order needs, such as self-actualization.
Piaget is
a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative (each stage makes sense out of the world).
What factor causes Down syndrome?
genetics
what is phenylketonuria?
difficulty with amino acid metabolism that causes IQ or physical issues unless baby is on strict diet
What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?
male has an extra X chromosome (XXY) tall with high pitched voice, IQ 10 pt below norm, shows no masculinity at puberty, and might be infertile
What is Turner’s syndrome?
this is when a female has no gonads or sex hormones and is not able to have children.
What is Hemophilia?
blood clots or a tiny injury can cause severe bleeding
what is sickle cell disease?
mainly african americans and is anemia, pain, short stature, short life span, and organ damage.
In Piaget’s research the term____ means the balance between assimilation and accommodation
equilibration
Counselors who are maturationists
allow clients to work through early conflicts. (painful old material)
Ritusalistic behaviors, common to all members of a species is known as
fixed-action pattern (FAP) elictited by sign stimuli
Robert Kegan talks about “holding an environment” in counseling where
the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and find a new direction.
Most counseling experts agree that
no one theory completely explains the developmental process so a professional should be familiar with the main theories.
Equilibration is
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and what is changes (accommodation).
the anal retentive personality is
is stingy aka cheap
Freudian perspective, a client who is an alcoholic and a smoker is
considered an oral character
