Major Theories and Theorists

Question 1

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 1

found of psychology in the US and was the 1st president the APA

Question 2

Behaviorism

Answer 2

John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, BF Skinner.
They believe the mind is a blank slate until children learn to behave accordingly. Behavior results from learning.

Question 3

Erik Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages of learning

Answer 3

1. trust v. mistrust, birth to 1.5 y/o
2. autonomy v. shame, 1.5-3 y/o
3. initiative v. guilt, 3-6 y/o
4. industry v. inferiority, 6-11
5. identity v. role confusion, 11-18
6. intimacy v. isolation, 18-35
7. generativity v. stagnation, 35-60
8. integrity v. despair 65+

Question 4

Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development (genetic epistemology)

Answer 4

1. sensorimotor, birth-2
   –object permanence occurs
2. preoperational, 2-7
   –centration, focus on one part of something
3. concrete operational, 7-12
   –conservation, know volume & quantity do not change
4. formal operational 12-16
   –abstract scientific thinking

Question 5

patterns of thought are called

Answer 5

schema

Question 6

adaptation

Answer 6

-happens qualitatively when they fit info into existing ideas- assimilation.
-modify cognition for new info-accomodation

Question 7

Keagan’s model of constructive development

Answer 7

impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality

Question 8

Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development

Answer 8

1. preconventional: behavior governed by consequences
2. conventional: desire to conform to socially acceptable rules
3. post conventional:self-accepted moral principles guide them

Question 9

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 9

cog. dev. is produced by activities in one’s culture
-zone of proximal dev. is the difference in one’s ability to solve problems on their own and capacity to solve them without help.

Question 10

Sigmund Freud psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic 5 psychosexual stages

Answer 10

1. oral, birth-1
2. anal, 1-3
3. phallic (oedipal/electra complex) 3-7
4. latency, 3-5 ish until age 12
5. genital, teens-adulthood

Question 11

regression

Answer 11

return to earlier stage caused by stress

Question 12

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 12

lower-order physiological/safety needs must be met prior to self-actualization

Question 13

William Perry’s 3 stages of intellectual and ethical dev. in adults

Answer 13

Dualism: truth is either right or wrong
Relativism: perfect answer does not exist
Commitment to relativism: person is willing to change opinion/ pov