Research and Program Eval

Question 1

Most valuable type of research is

Answer 1

the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect.

Question 2

Internal validity refers to

Answer 2

whether the dependent variable (DV) were influenced by the experimental IVs (independent variables) or other factors impacted it.

Question 3

External validity refers to

Answer 3

whether the experimental research results can be generalized to a larger pop. (people, settings, or conditions).

Question 4

Experiments emphasize parsimony

Answer 4

this means interpreting results in the simplest way.

Question 5

Occam’s Razor suggests that experimenters

Answer 5

interpret results in the simplest manner.

Question 6

a counselor is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Little do they know one client in the study is secretly seeing a Gestalt therapist. the experiment

Answer 6

confounder/ flawed

Question 7

nondirective is to person-centered as…

Answer 7

parsimony is to Occam’s Razor

Question 8

what publisher produces the most counseling research journals?

Answer 8

APA’s Journal of Counseling Psychology

Question 9

An experiment is confounded when…

Answer 9

an undesirable variable (aka the contaminating variable) are not kept out of the experiment

Question 10

Basic research is done to…

Answer 10

advance understanding of a theory

Question 11

Applied research (aka action research)

Answer 11

conducted to advance knowledge of theories, skills, and techniques in practical application.

Question 12

IV is the variable

Answer 12

researchers manipulates, control, alters, or wish to experiment with.
“I” control

Question 13

The DV expresses

Answer 13

outcome or the data

Question 14

counselor hypothesized that biofeedback (true experiment) training could reduce anxiety and improve average score of written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be_____and the DV will be________.

Answer 14

biofeedback; board exam.

Question 15

experimenters should always abide by the code of ethics. The variable you control in an experiment is??

Answer 15

Independent Variable/ IV

Question 16

To conduct an experiment regarding a hypothesis you need______and______.

Answer 16

a control group with at least 60 subjects; experimental group.

Question 17

quasi-experiment

Answer 17

when it is not randomly assigned to two groups

Question 18

Hypothesis testing is closely related to the work of…

Answer 18

R.A. Fisher

Question 19

hypothesis

Answer 19

a statement that can be tested

Question 20

What is a Null Hypothesis?

Answer 20

The IV does not impact the DV

Question 21

What is an alternate/ affirmative hypothesis?

Answer 21

IV has caused a change

Question 22

To compare the control group and experimental group the researcher needs

Answer 22

test significance, if the results significant or due to chance.

Question 23

percentile rank

Answer 23

descriptive stat that tells you where the percentage fell below a certain level
ex: if joe’s score is at 50th percentile then 50% of ppl had raw scores below him.

Question 24

percentage score

Answer 24

a raw score. ex: percentage of 50 could be low, high, or average. it means half of the test is answered right.

Question 25

the letter “P” relating to test significance means

Answer 25

probablity.

Question 26

parameter

Answer 26

a value obtained from a pop of stats drawn from a sample.

Question 27

in social science the accepted probability level is…

Answer 27

.05 or less.
(most popular are .05 and .01)

Question 28

P=.05 means

Answer 28

a. there is only a 5% chance difference btw the control group and the experimental group is due to chance factors.
or
b. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100.

Question 29

P=____ would rule out chance factor

Answer 29

.001 (the smaller the p level the less significance)

Question 30

Type I and Type II errors are called ______and______.

Answer 30

alpha; beta.

Question 31

A Type I error occurs when

Answer 31

you reject null when false. (reject when true since it is possible it happened by chance)

Question 32

Type II error

Answer 32

is called a beta error, this means you accept null when it is false.

Question 33

experiment results indicated that biofeedback helped raise written board exams BUT in reality that is not the case.

Answer 33

Type I error (reject null hypothesis).

Question 34

researcher increases their sample size in the experiment. This will…

Answer 34

Reduce Type I and II errors

Question 35

researcher changes significance level from .05 to .001…

Answer 35

alpha error decreases; beta error increases.
(lowers from .01 to .001 lowers the risk of Type I errors but increases Type II.)

Question 36

to test the significance of the differences btw the groups the counselor utilized

Answer 36

the student’s t-test (analysis of variance).
-if the t-value obtained stat is lower the critical-t you accept the null hypothesis

Question 37

when is an ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) utilized?

Answer 37

when there is more than 1 level of a single IV.

Question 38

if a researcher utilized 2 IVs then the stat of choice would be…

Answer 38

Two-way ANOVA or MANOVA

Question 39

to complete a t-test, consult a tabled value of “t”. To see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would…

Answer 39

table for F values

Question 40

what level of significance would rule out the chance factor?

Answer 40

.001

Question 41

what is a correlation coefficient?

Answer 41

a stat that shows a degree or magnitude of a relationship btw two variable (abbreviated as “r”)

Question 42

True or false: A positive correlation (both variables in the same direction) a stronger relationship than a negative (variables go opposite ways) one?

Answer 42

False, a correlation of -.70 shows a stronger relationship than a positive correlation of .60. The minus sign just shows if the variable goes up or down.

Question 43

Which of the following most like yields a perfect correlation of 1.00?

Answer 43

length in inches and length in cm.

Question 44

Correlation does not mean causal!!

Answer 44

correlation research is quasi-experimental and does not yield cause-and-effect data

Question 45

N (number of ppl)=1, intensive experiment design…1st step would be…

Answer 45

take baseline measure

Question 46

single-blind study

Answer 46

in a study where clients do not know who is a part of the treatment group or control group

Question 47

double-blind study

Answer 47

study where the clients and researchers do not know who is apart of the treatment group or control group.

Question 48

correlational coefficient

Answer 48

descriptive stat that indicates the degree of “linear relationship”. (1.0 or -1.0)

Question 49

In a normal curve, the shape is_____ bc the mean, median, and mode all fall right into the middle of the curve.

Answer 49

a symmetrical bell

Question 50

68-95-99.7 Rule(empirical rule)

Answer 50

normal distribution of 68% of score fall within +/- standard deviation (SD) of the means; 95% within 2 SD of the mean; 99.7% within 3 SDs of the mean.