Social conditions: Education reform under the Tsars Flashcards
Who led the schools prior to 1864?
-Wealthy Benevolent members of the church.
What was attendance and achievement like prior to Alexander II?
-Poor achievement and attendance
-only 7% of army literate.
What did Alexander do in terms of schools?
-major educational reforms
What did Alexander change about primary schools?
-school board responsible
-‘reading, writing and arithmetic (managed by Zemstvo)
What was a drawback to Alexanders primary school reform?
-composition of school boards were made of the Clergy, nobility and government officials
-not necessarily representative
What did Dimitri Tolstoy change about primary school reform and when?
-took educational powers from Zemstvo by 1877.
What did Nicholas II aim for primary schools?
-The Duma said it wanted ‘universal primary education to be achieved by 1922’
Number of primary schools in 1880 compared to 1914?
-23,000
-81,000
What was the main Tsarist debate over secondary schools?
-grammar schools and mixed vocational schools.
How did Alexander II change secondary education?
-continued gymnasia alongside modern gymnasia.
-not just Russian and games but also language science and maths
How did Alexanders introduction of a mixed education effect attendance?
Number doubled from 1855 to 1865.
What did Tolstoy do to the changes toward a mixed education?
-reacted by campaigning for schools to only do classic gymnasia
-said it would cause a revolution- actually manipulating so middle class excluded from education.
What did Alexander II do in terms of universities?
1861: St Petersburg university accused of anti-Tsarist activity punished with activities taken
1863: State autonomy returned.
What did Alexander III do in terms of secondary schools?
-banned lower class kids from attending secondary schools
What did Alexander III do in terms of university?
-chipped autonomy away
-elections to university councils scrapped and replaced with appointment system.
