Social Cognition

Question 1

What is the categorical self concept?

Answer 1

It is the representation of the collection of features and properties that the person believes to be the true him/herself.
it develops at 2 yo.

Question 2

define: social cognition.

Answer 2

the thinking that we display about the thoughts, feelings, motives and behaviours of ourselves and other people (Shaffer, 2005).

Question 3

who said “Humans are born to learn from others and our extended childhood reflects this process of socialization “?

Answer 3

Meltzoff et al., 2009

Question 4

How many level of self awareness did Rochat (2003) propose?

Answer 4

5.

Question 5

Explain ‘Confusion’.

Answer 5

It is the first stage of self-awareness according to Rochat and it is when the mirror is seen as the extension of the world and not simply a reflection.

Question 6

Give the definition of ‘contingency’ in context of self-awareness.

Answer 6

When there is a difference between what they see and what they feel.

Question 7

‘Differentiation’ 1.

Answer 7

What is perceived in the mirror is different from what is perceived in the surrounding environment. There is a perfect contingency between seen and felt movements.

Question 8

‘Situation’ 2

Answer 8

This implies a sense of self to be differentiated and situated in relation to the partner they share experience with. there is recognition of social interaction of what it can do to self.

Question 9

‘Identification’ 3.

self-recognition occurs…

Answer 9

by exploring their own specular image the child is capable to explicitly refer the specular image to the own body.
“i” “me” “mine”

Question 10

‘Permanence’ 4

Answer 10

the self is identified not only on the mirror (but also in old pictures or movies). It is not tied to the temporal simultaneity and special coincidence of the body.

Question 11

‘Self-consciousness’ 5

Answer 11

the self is recognized from the 1st as well as from the 3rd person perspective: individuals become aware of what they are and also in the mind of others.

Question 12

At the age of 2…

Answer 12

intentions to others occur. they can attribute emotional states to others and differentiate them from their own felt emotions.
they develop self concept as mental agents and ToM

Question 13

‘theory of mind’ in this context is …

Answer 13

the ability to attribute mental states to others.

Question 14

autobiographical self.

Answer 14

3-4yo, ability to organize autobiographical memories as personally experienced events.
are able to integrate self-related experiences into a coherent causal-temporal organization around a self concept that at this stage is extended in time (Povinelli, 1995). they hold dfiferent representations of the world.

Question 15

Trevarthen, 1979

PRIMARY INTERSUBJECTIVITY

Answer 15

newborn babies interacting with an adult’s face (dyadic interaction).

Question 16

Trevarthen, 1979

SECONDARY INTERSUBJECTIVITY

Answer 16

a third object is involved and becomes the focus of attention of the infant and another individual (triadic interaction). mother, infant and something/someone else.

Question 17

Diadic interaction

Answer 17

The first social relationship a newborn baby experiences is with the mother. (similar to imprinting)

Question 18

the ‘still face paradigm’

Answer 18

it suggests that dual interactions help infants building up early forms of communication. This leads to intentional communicative stage.
regulation or stimulation/arousal has an effect on the way the infant develops the concept of self.

Question 19

referential cues

Answer 19

referring to something in the environment.

Question 20

social referencing …

Answer 20

following others eye gaze, beginning at infancy. by 4yo they can read another direction of a gaze as an indicator of others thoughts.

Question 21

Protoimperative

Answer 21

to direct another’s attention to obtain a particular goal.

Question 22

to direct another’s attention to an object/event of interest.

Answer 22

Protodeclarative

Question 23

Woodward, 1998 proposes that:

Answer 23

from the age of 5mns, abstract action knowledge develops in relation to the infants actions. he believes that abstract knowledge depends on experience.

Question 24

Csibra & Gergely, 1998; Gergely & Csibra, 2003

Answer 24

believed that abstract knowledge perceives reason without the agency cues. Knowledge of being an agent is not known as yet.

Question 25

‘imitation of goal-directed movements’ refers to:

Answer 25

a selective, interpretative process, rather than a simple re-enactment of the means used by a demonstrator.

Question 26

Theory of Mind

Answer 26

Recognize that people actions are determined by mental states or propositional attitudes (beliefs, desires etc.). Attribute mental states or attitudes to one self and to others

Question 27

how to make inferences

Answer 27

there is a series of stages that requires a lot of skills.

Question 28

Intentional stance

Dennet, 1990

Answer 28

Intuitively understanding that the actions of others are goal directed.

Question 29

Mentalizing

Answer 29

The process of deploying a ToM to infer states of mind.

Question 30

ASD

Answer 30

“…functional limitations in effective communication, social participation, social relationships, academic achievement, or occupational performance, individually or in combination”. DSM V, 2013

Question 31

social cognition definition (Shaffer, 2005)

Answer 31

thinking about the thoughts (invisible entities that are invisible states) feelings, and behaviors of ourselves and other people

Question 32

why are there attachments?

Answer 32

A child has an innate need to attach to one main attachment figure.

Question 33

identity formation

Answer 33

The passage from childhood to adolescent is characterized by the changes in the content of the child’s self-conceptions over time (Rosenberg, 1986).
there are physical changes and psychological social changes.

Question 34

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 34

Individuals “function as contributors to their own motivation, behaviour, and development within a network of reciprocally interacting influences”
-self organizing
-proactive
-self-regulating
-self reflecting
contributors to their life circumstances not just products.

Question 35

moral development (Piaget, 1965)

Answer 35

understanding others and how they feel/ what they are experiencing.

Question 36

Attachment Styles (ABCD)

Answer 36

Secure Attachment
Anxious/Avoidant Insecure
Anxious/Resistant Insecure
Disorganised/Disoriented Insecure Attachment

Question 37

Summary of Social Cognition I & II

Answer 37

• early social cognition and attachment styles have great influence in the development of social behaviour.
• adolescence is a crucial stage for identity formation, self-efficacy and perspective taking.
• social-cognitive factors contributes to the development of morality since an early stage of the development.