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Social Behaviour > Social Cognition > Flashcards

Social Cognition Flashcards

Chapter 2 and 3

1
Q

cognitive consistency

A
  • general need to have consistency among your beliefs and thoughts, relationships and attitudes, to avoid cognitive dissonance.
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2
Q

Illusionary Correlation ?

A
  • assumption of the correlation of two variables - that do not correlate to each other for real.
  • -> example : placebo - illusionary correlation of some sort of treatment / medicament and the result / being cured.
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3
Q

How can you distinguish a prototype to a schema ?

A
  • the ideal image / representation of a group
  • distinction : ideal- not known yet, usually of things you haven’t experienced so far.- no real experiences , knowledge are connected as with a schema.
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4
Q

Salience

A
  • if something stands out and attracts your attention it is due to salience
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5
Q

Schema ?

A
  • A set of knowledge concerning an event , thing or a person .
  • organised like a mindmap that connects different aspects of that person or topic and experiences you have made.
  • we use it organise and understand the world
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6
Q

Script ?

A
  • A fuzzy set of Information, that is created mostly about persons or jobs
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7
Q

What distinguishes a script to a schema ? ???

A
  • schema is more ordered and also about a situation / event.

- script is rather a fuzzy set , and more about persons

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8
Q

Self categorisation theory

A
  • We put our self into a category with the same manner that we put others into a category.
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9
Q

Accessibility

A
  • the ease with wich a schema is brought to mind and used to make judgement- > what is most accessible about a certain topic/ person will be used.
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10
Q

How are accessibility and priming connected?

A

-priming describes the process of having a high accessibility for a particular topic , due to prior experience with that topic/ person that changes future processing of information concerning that topic.

–> being pregnant and seeing babies everywhere

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11
Q

Which effect explains that a judge can never be eternally objective?

A
  • the affect infusion theory

- -> the judgement you make always reflects your current mode

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12
Q

Anchoring and adjustment

A
  • the first schema / impression you have serves as a kind of anchor that you will always refer to when making a judgement about a person / situation . –> first impression has the biggest influence!
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13
Q

Associative meaning

A
  • illusionary correlation between things that should belong together because you have the expectation they do.
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14
Q

Associative network model ?

A
  • a model of what our memory looks like. A connection of associations building a network with pathways that are connected with links and shortcuts that need cognitive activation to be spread.
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15
Q

What the heck is an attribution?

A
  • the process in which we connect a cause to our own behaviour or the one of others.
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16
Q

Availability heuristic

A
  • how often a behaviour and a certain event will appear depends on how fast it comes to mind and how available it is.
  • -> the more present a phobia in your mind is the more you will encounter situations that evoke this fear.
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17
Q

What do people mostly not when it comes to judging about a class of events?

A
  • Base rate information: which is the factual and statistical sum of information gathered concerning a certain class of events.
  • people mostly judge with the first impression and have scripts about a class of events.
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18
Q

Behavioural decision theory

A
  • a set of models concerning the topic of :

- how one can make adequate decisions / evaluations of social interaction

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19
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • the psychological direction of explaining the occurrence of behaviour through the mean of the different forms of conditioning.
  • also known as reinforcement theory
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20
Q

What does a human keep book of in the process of Bookkeeping?

A
  • of things that are contradictory/ inconsistent to his/ her schema
  • -> this changes the schema bit by bit over a longer period of time.
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21
Q

What are the traits called that have due to Asch’s impression formation model the greatest influence on the impression formation? What is the Model called like that he describes ?

A
  • central traits

- configural model

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22
Q

Cognitive Algebra ?

A
  • term that defines the cognitive process of evaluating the influence of certain traits of information’s through comparing them amongst each other in order to weigh out whether it is a positive or negative impression , schema, script or important or not.
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23
Q

What does it mean to say that people are cognitive misers?

A
  • this term describes the natural laziness of the human brain to solve problems in the simplest way by using things as heuristics and the attributional biases regardless of intelligence.
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24
Q

Conversion

A
  • accumulation of schema different aspect which leads to a sudden change of attitude .
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25
Q

Exemplars

A
  • a specific representative of a member of a category
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26
Q

Family resemblance

A
  • defining the substance of a category membership
27
Q

gestalt psychology

A
  • theory which claims that ,the whole influences the little parts instead of vice versa .
28
Q

Heuristics

A
  • mental short cuts that provide us with assumptions, inferences, schemas and all such stuff most of the time.
29
Q

Illusory correlation

A
  • if we assume that two things occur more often with each other than they do in reality .
  • or if they don’t even occur with each other and assumed that out of prior expectations/ knowledge
30
Q

Implicit personality theories

A
  • an individual approach to identifying people`s traits and characteristics and explaining their behaviour.
31
Q

Motivated tactician

A
  • People have different cognitive strategies available according to their goals they decide which one to choose.
32
Q

naive psychologist (or scientist)

A
  • a model of social cognition which claims that people use research like tactics to make sense of their surrounding and analyse the behaviour of themselves and others.
33
Q

normative model

A
  • ideal model of making accurate inferences
34
Q

peripheral traits

A
  • traits that have no big influence on the final impression
35
Q

personal constructs

A
  • personal ways of characterising people
36
Q

primacy

A
  • the order of the impressions that were taken is important for the final formation of an impression
  • the first informations usually often make the biggest impression.
37
Q

priming

A
  • we activate impressions and memories when processing new information
  • -> has an influence on how we influence the information
38
Q

Recency

A
  • the contradicting effect to primacy

- the later information has a bigger effect on the final impression.

39
Q

Reductionism

A
  • explaining a phenomena in reducing the phenomena on a from scientists of that field to easy level .
40
Q

Regression

A
  • the first observation is more extreme than the following
41
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A
  • a short cut where the brain associates instances ( circumstances ) to categories / types because those resemble the categories .
42
Q

Roles

A
  • Patterns of behaviour that distinguish between different tasks/ positions in a group.
43
Q

Script

A

a schema about an event- merken : look at the script- scene in theatre ( event)

44
Q

Social cognition

A
  • the cognitive processes behind our behaviour

- > influence and are influenced by

45
Q

Social identity theory

A
  • the membership in a group is based on the self categorisation, the social comparison and the identification with the group.
46
Q

Social judgability

A
  • if it is socially accepted to judge a certain intention/ target.
47
Q

Social neuroscience

A
  • explanation of brain activity associated with the behaviour / actions of humans.
48
Q

Stereotype

A
  • widely shared and simplified picture of an evaluated group.
49
Q

Subtyping

A
  • gradual change of an attitude due to accumulation of inconsistent information over a longer period of time.
50
Q

Summation

A

referring to cognitive algebra

- forming a positive/ negative impression by adding up pos/ neg attributions of a person

51
Q

Vividness

A
  • Part of salience , intrinsic characteristic that makes the stimulus stand out.
52
Q

Weighted averaging

A
  • weighing and calculating the valence ( attractiveness ) pf the attributions of a person.
53
Q

Actor–observer effect

A
  • tendency to say that the others act due to internal attributions and you act due to external ones .
54
Q

Attribution

A
  • a cause to our own behaviour and that of others
55
Q

Attributional Style

A
  • an individual favour to make a certain kind of causal attribution
56
Q

belief in a just world

A
  • the belief that everyone gets what he/ she deserves in this world.
57
Q

Causal Schemata

A
  • how certain types of causes interact - to produce a certain effect .
  • -> arises from experience
58
Q

Cognitive miser

A
  • use the least cognitive effort that is still able to produce generally adaptive behaviour.
59
Q

Consensus information

A
  • information about how much people tend to react the same to a certain stimulus
60
Q

Consistency information

A
  • extent to which a stimulus with a certain behaviour

- going to the toilet and flushing the toilet afterwards 100%

61
Q

Conspiracy theory

A
  • Verschwörungstheorie

- a good organised group spreads a lie that contradicts the truth or the standard opinion concerning that topic.

62
Q

Correspondence inference

A
  • behaviour is caused by underlying attributions

f. e. cleaning the house because you want to be seen as a clean person.

63
Q

paired distinctiveness

A

two items seem to belong together because they both share some unusual items . But the do in fact NOT ;)

Social Behaviour (11 decks)

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