Prejudice and Discrimination Flashcards
Chapter 10& 11
Define the terms, prejudice, dehumanisation and genocide.
prejudice: having an unfavourable attitude towards a group.
dehumanisation: declaring a certain group as being less worth than a human being.
genocide: Distinction of a group / ethnical group.
Three component attitude model
Three components of expressing a unfavourable attitude towards a certain group.
cognitive: to have a certain opinion about the members of that group.
affective: a strong ( mostly negative) emotion towards the group.
conative: having the will to behave differently towards that group.
Explain the role congruity , gender and sex roles definition.
Role congruity : if people act against their expected sex roles - observers react unpleasant. ( mostly studied referring to women in leading positions)
gender: sex stereotypical attributes , traits and appearance of a person
Sex roles: roles associated with a gender, acting in such a role is seen as appropriate.
Glass ceiling & Class cliff
glass ceiling: expression for an invisible barrier that keeps woman from reaching top positions in their career.
Class cliff: the phenomena of women getting crisis jobs in high positions that will make them loose their job soon.
Face ism
seeing rather faces of men than their body in the media and for women vise versa.
implicit association test
tests unpopular / or even racist / sexist opinions of people through quick reaction , that those people would conceal under normal conditions.
Ageism
Prejudices against different age groups .
Reluctants to help 387- form of discrimination
a form of keeping a minority socially disadvantaged, by not offering your help or by ignoring the need of support/ help.
Tokenism
To do a little favor to minority groups in public to deflect the stereotypical thinking one underlies. Deflection to yourself and others.
reverse discrimination P.416 ?
You help the stigmatised group and implicit that this group is needy- so you still act discriminatory.
How are prejudices connected to the self esteem
Some prejudices towards ethnical groups are internalised by members of that group and depress their self esteem.
the stereotype threat
feeling about being judged by others according to the stereotypes. Fearing to behave in such a way - as it is expected. Self fulfilling prophecy.
how can the stereotype threat be combated?
through:
°knowledge about the stereotype threat
°contact with the group that might have prejudices against you
° the try to not identify with the stereotypical behaviour
° reduce performance / behaviour that may attract negative attention
° don’t make your self esteem dependent of your performance
° identify strongly with your group
Why do we form prejudices ?
evolutionary:
an inherent fear of the unfamiliar - likely to develop some negative assumptions towards other groups.
Stereotypes / prejudices can also be learnt :
facial expression and behaviour towards the prejudiced group are recognised and subconsciously evaluated by small children.
mere exposure
the more we see and get in contact with something the more we like it.
frustration aggression hypothesis
all aggression is grounded in frustration and vise versa.
Contradictions to this theory:
more meaningful triggers to aggression can be :
cues in a certain situation that trigger associations from the past or present referring to the prejudiced group.
aggression is always affective never objective.
situational trigger:
heat, pain, being overwhelmed ,noxious stimuli
Research on the relation of frustration and aggression has shown, that - frustration can but doesn’t have to cause aggression, powerful people tend to show their aggression openly , powerless people tend to show aggression indirectly , a series of minor frustrations adds up to a major frustration which is more likely to end up in aggression.
scapegoat
Sündenbock - becomes target of aggression and anger
Whats displacement ?
displacing anger and emotions of frustration on to another group / person rather than on the real cause.
Collective behaviour
the behaviour of a mass of people, behaving as mass
relative deprivation
feeling of having less than we would deserve to have.
authoritarian personality
a personality trait that predisposes an individual from childhood on to be more likely to be prejudiced. = more likely to have prejudices towards others
ethnocentrism
To be focused on your own ethnic race. Judging it as the best and good featurest “race” existing. refers also to groups not only to ethnical differences.
Acquiescent response set
the tendency to tick more questions than the ones being really true , due to the psychological effect of the questionnaire .
Dogmatism 432
Character trait that especially intolerant and not flexible and predisposes people to prejudice.
Social dominance theory 432
People that justify their biased behaviour towards minorities with an ideology that accepts and promotes behaviour like this.
System justification theory 432
To protest against the change of the current social system to avoid change! Although that system might be the cause of ones social problems.
Belief congruence 434
People with similar beliefs like each other. People with dissimilar beliefs dislike each other.
minimal paradigm theory 434
A methodology that does research in the topic of the effect of social categorisation on behaviour.
Intergroup behaviour
Behaviour in a group that is effected by the awareness of the group members and by the identification with other social groups.
J - curve 444
A curve that visualizes the relation between the expectations of a person and the attainment ( das Erreichen) of a goal and the relative deprivation.
The bigger the gab between attainment and expectations is , the bigger the relative deprivation gets.
What is the difference between egoistic relative deprivation and fraternalistic relative deprivation? 444
Egoistic relative deprivation is an individuals deprivation out of not attaining his/ her expectations.
Fraternalistic deprivation is the deprivation of a whole group , that arises out of the belief of feeling entitled to deserve more than this group currently has. More a group deprivation.
Describe the 4 steps of social movement participation! 446
step 1 : sympathising with a group
we against them spirit
the belief that a certain outgroup is
responsible for ones plight
social change is possible through collective protest / work
step 2:
becoming a part of the organisation
what has been done / what needs to be done?
media and communication skills / work is crucial
step 3:
participate in protests
belief that the aimed outcome can be attained
outcome will benefit the whole group
step : 4
even illness and important duties can not hinder you in participating .
Describe Sherifs experiment in your own words ! 448
Sherif conducted a research on the cause of ethnocentrism and the hypothesis of is being effected by intergroup competitions among scare resources.
He invited boys with non authoritarian personalities and no pre ethnocentrism to a summer camp.
First they formed friendships amongst each other and participated in group activities.
Afterwards the friendships were split and the whole group was divided into two groups that had to compete each other in various games.
The experiment revealed strong ethnocentrism and did cause the boys to act aggressively towards each other. Interestingly the winners were more aggressive towards the looser than vise versa.
In the forth phase the boys participated in games that had superordinate goals. They had to work together to reach the goal.
This made them overcome their ethnocentrism a tiny bit.
superordinate goals 448
goals that can only be attained from two groups cooperating.
realistic conflict theory 448
Sherifs theory which states, that intergroup conflict is caused by competitions .
The nature of goal relations is crucial to the intergroup relationship.
competition= conflict, cooperation= friendship / food relationship
Prisoners dilemma 423
situations where two persons are in the dilemma of either cooperation or conflict. They both have no insight about the others choice and will either loose both or win both of the mutual ( gegenseitig) decision made by themselves and the other.
trucking game and commons dilemma 452
Trucking game relies on the common dilemma which opposes the homo oeconomicus theory .
The common dilemma is a dilemma where competing against each other is more harmful to the individual and the group than cooperating with each other.
In the trucking game participants have to share a common road in order to have the fastest way to their goal. They have a privat way as well, which is way longer and costs a lot of time.
the free rider effect 454
People exploit a source for being able to use ir for free, without thinking of Kants theory.
How can social dilemmas be solved? 454
structural changes
promoting cooperation over concurrence
to sanction egoistic behaviour –> problem= in need of a lot of control mechanisms and an authority
identification with the group/ society
the individual embodies the group and is more willing to sacrifice for a common good outcome for everyone.
Minimal group paradigm P 456
The methodology says that social categorisation is only due to behaviour.
Social c. classification of people into different social groups.
Name the 6 general characteristics of ingroup behaviour! P 458
ingroup favouritism: to act in favour of the groups general behaviour.
ingroup differentiation: To act so that you can clearly differentiate your group from another group.
perception of one self - group stereotypes
cohesion with the group
conformity to intergroup norms
intergroup solidarity and cohesion
ethnocentrism
Explain the meta contrast principle and its relation towards entitativity. 460
Meta contrast principle: the bigger the contrast from one group to another , the more the group members identify with the group.
Entitativity: unity of a group .
depersonalisation 460
to treat yourself or others not as individuals but rather as part of a group.
How is the relation between self esteem and intergroup differentiation?
- self esteem grows when there is more intergroup differentiation ( difference between the different groups)
- a low self esteem doesn’t enhance intergroup differentiation
- groups are very good in keeping a low self esteem apart from their group identity
- collective self esteem brings up bigger success than individual self esteem.
462 Create the relation between social beliefs the strategy to improve ones identity and specific tactics .
social beliefs are the ground work for the action we take to improve our social status.
A person can either belief in:
the social mobility belief :
people may improve their social status and the boundaries are permeable.
the social change belief:
boundaries are impermeable and can only be overcome through challenging the higher status groups beliefs/ behaviours.
The s.m. belief leads to –> individual mobility –> passing on to the higher status group
Social change belief:
- -> cognitive alternative: the higher social status group needs to be challenged, because its beliefs / actions are inlligitimable.
- -> social competition ( war ,civil rights movement, protest…)
- -> no cognitive alternative
- -> social creativity
Redefining existing values
Finding other outgroups to compare with
new dimension / form of intergroup comparison
change the value to attached ingroup characteristics
“Black is beautiful”.
Accentuation effect P 466
To overestimate the similarities in a social group and differences to another group.
relative homogeneity effect 468
tendency to imagine the outgroup members being all the same and ingroup members being more individual.
Intergroup emotion theory 470
a harm to the group is experienced as a harm to the collective self and transferred into emotions to the outgroup. An appraisal benefits each member of the group- is a positive emotion for the collective self.
How can collective guilt / shame be regulated?
prevention approach: avoiding situations that evoke / produce collective guilt / fear.
promoting approach: attaining group goals - evoking good collective emotions.
seeking for group goals:
hedonic goals : goals that serve the group for a long time .
Instrumental goals: Goals that serve for a short term and serve for avoiding negative emotions.
Explain the distinctive stimuli and the illusionary correlation. 468
distinctive stimuli–> a stimulus that draws out attention f.e. a black man in a group of whites
illusionary correlation: we see a correlation where there is non. We encounter a stupid German and assume, that all Germans are stupid.
Primus inter fare effect 470
The aim of group members to be the most representative of a group.
optimal distinctiveness 470
the aim to reach a balanced state of being not entirely equal to your ingroup but not to different to stil be part of the group.
Name some early theories of deindividuation 468
Early theories by Le Bon predict crowd deindividuation as being originated in the anonymity, contagion, Suggestibility.
Those three circumstances create irresponsibility, invicibility and an unpredictable shift in behaviour that brings up the instincts to the surface. Which leads to violent, rude and asozial behaviour.
Freud: super ego-> natural human in a crowd
what did the experiment with the Kukluxklan and the Nurse reveal 476
that the normative environment ( in this case the outfit of the subjects ) had a major influence on the deindividualized behaviour.
Emergent norm theory 480
A theory that claims that the crowd behaviour in humans is not rooted in instincts and has to be treated pathological. But is normative and originated in the reduce of public and private self awareness.
- -> ad hoc no norms pre-exist , because people don’t know each other
- -> distinctive individuals or distinctive stimuli create an implicit norm.
–> inaction of the mass is interpreted as conformity of the norm and increases the social pressure of adapting to this norm
–> collective behaviour
How can intergroup behaviour be improved? 480
By changing the prejudiced peoples behaviour , through:
lowering their frustration level
preventing frustration to emerge
distracting them from the realisation of being frustrated
distracting them with non social activities to calm them
minimisation of aggressive cues
weapons effect 480
The presence of aggressive cues triggers aggressive behaviour. The presence of weapons triggers their use.
What are the four sources of anxiety that people experience in intergroup contact? 482
realistic threat: threat to existence, social status, relationships, safety, property
symbolic threat: threat towards ones norms,moral,belief
intergroup anxiety: feeling of embarrassment, insecurity during interaction with other group
negative stereotypes: fear of intergroup anxiety based on intergroup negative image of an outgroup.
contact hypothesis 484
the thesis that intergroup contact will improve intergroup relationships and prevent discrimination and prejudices.
what circumstances need to be created in order to confirm the contact hypothesis 484
contact with outgroups with equal social status, otherwise the stereotype is likely to be reconfirmed.
contact should be some relationship supporting activity not competitive.
contact should be under the framework of institutional, governmental institutes of migration.
Is the effect of intergroup contact always positive? 486
No
if the encounter is typical and pleasant / atypical and pleasant it has a positive influence
if it is unpleasant and typical/ atypical it has a negative effect.
often pleasant contact with an outgroup member has no effect on your attitude towards the group, because you have interpersonal contact and don’t refer the attributions that you associated with the single person of the outgroup to the whole outgroup.
extended contact 486
if one has contact with a member of your group that has a close relationship to an outgroup member , it will improve your attitude towards the outgroup.
melting pot 488
a society becoming more homogeneous - different cultures melting together.
critic on the melting pot approach to fight intergroup conflict. 488
It takes away the heritage and cultural background by assimilating all humans with each other.
it doesn’t advantage previously disadvantaged groups and therefor the disadvantage persists.
it ignores the reality of ethnical and cultural differences
Bargaining 490
two representatives of a group negotiate a conflict directly to solve it.
Mediation 490
a third neutral party helps solving an intergroup conflict
Arbitration 490
the mediator is invited to impose mutually settlement
Attribution towards stereotypes
man think their success is rooted in their abilities, woman think it is because of their luck.
when was lgbtq was removed from the list of mental illnesses?
1973
3 component model
cognitive , affective , contigual ( behavioural)
components of a prejudice
right wing authoritarianism ?
why people follow an authoritarian personality
conventionalism
submissive towards authoritarian personalities
following the leader
fear of social change
minimal group paradigm
Research on the effect of categorization of the behaviour towards ingroup members.
social categorisation theory 429 –> 460
if you tend to categorize people this influences your behaviour towards ingroup and outgroup members.
self categorisation theory
to categories yourself towards a group as being a member of that group.
