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Social Behaviour > Aggression > Flashcards

Aggression Flashcards

Chapter 12

1
Q

How can aggression be defined? P500

A

As a behaviour that intends to harm a member of the same species .

Destruction of a person / property.

motivation to harm another living being which doesn’t want to get hurt.

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2
Q

How can aggression be measured? P 500

A

4 ways to measure it :

1 Analogues of behaviour
what kind of behaviour is usually associated with aggression?

2 Signal of Intention
saying, thinking or writing plans to act aggressive

3 Ratings by self or others
classmates, that rate how aggressive their peers are

4 Indirect Aggression
To destroy ones relationship or status

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3
Q

Nature- nurture controversy

A

Debate about whether behaviour is determined from your genes or mainly influenced from your enviroment.

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4
Q

What makes an instinct an instinct? 502

A 
beneficial
goal oriented
unlearned
adapted ( to a normal enviroment) 
developed ( in a clear way as the individual matures)
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5
Q

Theories around the origin of Aggression. P 502

A

Psychodynamic theory: Aggressions origin is in the so called death instinct we all have it in us. It starts with self destruction and turns to destruction towards others.

Ethology: ( says that everything is originated in our genes)

Aggressive behaviour is triggered by so called releasers. Stimuli that trigger aggression in every day life.

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6
Q

What do ethologists stand for? 502

A

Ethology: ( says that everything is determined in our genes)
Aggressive behaviour is triggered by so called releasers. Stimuli that trigger aggression in every day life.

Fighting instinct: an inborn instinct to aggress , which other animals have as well

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7
Q

Evolutionary social psychology502

A

a psychological approach that refers all social behaviour back on our biology.

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8
Q

Biosocial Theories 503

A

Theories that agree on the term of having a lot of biological originated behaviour, but it doesn’t spring from instincts, but is more influenced by the our social enviroment.

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9
Q

Excitation transfer model 504

A

Aggression emerges from excitation that you transfer on the given situation and the interpretation of the given situation. The behaviour is mostly learned and then applied in a triggering situation.

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10
Q

Road range 504

A

frustration of sitting in the car–> aggression

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11
Q

Social learning theory 506

A

Aggression is only learned. Through acquisition, maintenance and instigation.
Acquisition= to get something new, acquire knowledge/ skill…
instigation= to initiate something

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12
Q

Hate crimes 506

A

Crimes against a minority

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13
Q

What are the two different types of learning through experience subtypes ? 506

A

Learning by direct experience: Experiencing a situation where it is beneficial to act aggressive ( in a certain way) .

Learning by vicarious experience: Experiencing that another person is behaving in a certain way and getting a reward for it.

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14
Q

What do psychologists mean when they talk about a kid modelling a script? 507

A
  • observational learning ( copying a model) - modelling

- a schema about a behaviour in a situation - script

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15
Q

Is the level of ones aggressiveness determined by his/ her personality? 510

A
  • people differ in their tendency to act aggressive
  • dependent of their attachment style = bonding in early childhood
  • experiences they have made in relation to violence in early childhood.
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16
Q

Why don’t you want to be a type A personality? 510

A
  • are overly active, competitive, working rather alone
  • tend to get aggressive easily in concurrence situations.
  • are more likely to commit crime/ abuse children
17
Q

Hormones relation to aggression? 510

A
  • study on transsexuals that showed increased proneness to aggression when being treated with hormones.
  • link between noradrenalin, dopamine, serotonin testosterone and aggression
18
Q

Gender difference in regards to aggression 512

A

(Lansford, Skinner, Sorbring, Di Giunta, Deater-Deckard, Dodge, et al., 2012):

1 Boys, like men, consistently show more physical aggression than girls.

2 Gender and nationality interact in the case of relational aggression – e.g. it occurs more frequently among Italian girls than Italian boys, but less frequently among Chinese girls than Chinese boys.

19
Q

Why is the sociocultural theory important for the distinction of aggression ? 512

A

sociocultural theory/ gender role theory
- how much women/men adapt to the gender roles in the society they live in

–> across cultures men are more likely to act physically aggressive than women, but as likely as women to act verbally aggressive.

20
Q

sexual selection theory 512

A

Sexual differences are determined with the nature of our gender and not by the society.

21
Q

Catharsis / catharsis hypothesis 512

A
  • anger and aggressiveness are signs of our body that is craving a release of emotions.
  • through acting / letting it out we get it out of us
  • -> theory goes back to Aristoteles and Freud
22
Q

Which experiment demonstrated, that the catharsis hypothesis can not always be applied? 512

A

-experiment with listening to violent lyrics songs which increased the potential aggressive behaviour.

23
Q

Desinhibition 516

A
  • to loose control over ones behaviour through f.e. alcohol
24
Q

How does the general aggression model try to explain development of aggressive behaviour? 520

A
  • Triggers / Releasers can either be the Situation or a Person
  • the Person acts than out of Arousal, Cognition or Affect
  • either impulsive or thoughtful
  • -> encounter a situation
25
Q

What are the big five and what role do they play in the context of aggression? 521

A
  • 5 Personality traits that are crucial for defining ones personality.
    5 items are
    openness to new experiences, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and conscientiousness.
    neuroticism= anxiety and nervousness
    conscientiousness= how hardworking you are
26
Q

what does a culture of honour address wrongly? 522

A
  • that men should be honoured for becoming aggressive and acting out their aggressiveness.
  • > they get honoured because their reaction is justified in the perspective of an “ existential “ financial or status threat, competent providers, strong protectors
27
Q

Name 3 attributes of a culture of honour. 522

A

1 Female infidelity ( untreue) damages a man’s reputation, particularly in honour cultures.
2 A man’s reputation can be partly restored by exacting retribution ( hard punishment towards the woman) .
3 Cultural values of female loyalty and sacrifice on one hand, and male honour on the other, validate abuse in a relationship. The same values reward a woman who ‘soldiers on’ in the face of violence.

28
Q

Subculture of aggression, Machismo 524

A

In a certain minority group, another form of violence and aggression is the accepted standard.

Machismo is solving differences in opinion or problems in regards to relationships with physical aggression.

29
Q

Do Medias have an impact on aggression and if yes -name the studies! 526

A
  • study with kids - correlation between their media consume and aggressive behaviour
  • filling out a questionnaire before and after watching a violent movie.
30
Q

How do erotica and aggression correlate? P 528

A

-nude pictures calm participants whereas pornography rather evokes aggression –> excitation transfer

31
Q

Objectification theory 530

A

Through society and the gender roles every women has experienced objectification ( being made an object ) at least once in her life.

32
Q

Why do we hurt the one we love? 530

A

The abuse syndrome–> factors that play a role in why we tend to abuse beloved ones.

  • hierarchy in the family- makes it easy for the one that has the power to demonstrate it.
  • learnt behaviour in childhood
  • alcohol abuse - disinhibition
  • proximity of the partners / family member- easier to get annoyed/ frustrated by them
33
Q

social order 530

A

balanced order of a social system, rules norms…

34
Q

Institutionalised aggression 532

A

Aggression that is part of a sport / an institution and is not viewed as morally wrong

35
Q

longeterm effects of war 532

A

more aggressive sport, higher rates of crime , homicide and assault.

36
Q

agentic state 534

A

A state of mind in which people transfer their responsibility to the one giving orders and act obedient and submissive .–> in war, a lab

37
Q

peace studies

A

field that studies the promotion of peace

Social Behaviour (11 decks)

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