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Social cognition Flashcards

Problem 1

1
Q

Social cognition

A

cognitive processes, structures that influence & are influenced by others; interpretation of situation, thinking about others, information of processing is influenced by prior knowledge

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2
Q

behaviorism

A

emphasis on explaining observable behavior in terms of reinforcement schedules

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3
Q

cognitive consistency

A

people try to reduce inconsistencies

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4
Q

naive scientist

A

people use rational, scientific-like, cause-effect analysis to understand the world

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5
Q

attribution

A

process of assigning a cause to our own & others’ behavior

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6
Q

cognitive miser

A

people use the least complex, demanding cognition

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7
Q

motivated tactician

A

people have multiple cognitive strategies available

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8
Q

configural model

A

Asch’s model of impression formation: central traits play a disproportionate role in configuring the final impression

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9
Q

central traits

A

have significant impact

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10
Q

peripheral traits

A

have insignificant influence on the configuration of final impressions

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11
Q

primacy

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS

order of presentation effect in which earlier presented information has an influence on social cognition

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12
Q

recency

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS

order of presentation effect in which later presented information has more impact

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13
Q

personal constructs

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS

personal ways of characterizing other people & their behavior

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14
Q

implicit personality theories

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS
personal ways of characterizing other people & their behavior; what sorts of characteristics go together
(explaining behavior)

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15
Q

stereotype

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS
widely shared & simplified evaluative image of a social group and its members; slow to change, acquired to an early age, become more pronounced when social tension between groups

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16
Q

social judge-ability

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS

perception of whether it’s socially acceptable to judge a specific target

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17
Q

schema

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES
cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus, including its attributes & the reaction among these attributes; quickly making a sense of a person or event

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18
Q

roles

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

patterns of behavior; for the greater good of the group

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19
Q

person schemas

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

individualized knowledge structures of about specific people

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20
Q

role schemas

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

knowledge structures about role occupants; sometimes about social groups –> social stereotypes

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21
Q

scripts

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES
schemas about an event; make events meaningful; lack if relevant scripts –> feel disoriented, frustrated, complicated encounter with foreign cultures

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22
Q

prototype

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

cognitive representation of ideal/typical defining features of a category

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23
Q

social identity theory

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES
group membership & intergroup relations based on self-categorization, social comparison & construction of a shared self-definition in terms of in-group- defining properties

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24
Q

self-categorization theory

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

how process of categorizing oneself as a group member produces social identity & (inter-) group behaviors

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25
bookkeeping
CHANGING SCHEMAS gradual schema change through the accumulation of bits of schema- inconsistent information, they can change slowly in the face of accumulating evidence
26
conversion
CHANGING SCHEMAS sudden & massive schema change as a consequence of schema-inconsistent information; once a mass of disconfirming evidence is accumulated
27
subtyping
CHANGING SCHEMAS | schema change as a consequence of schema-inconsistent information, causing the formation of subcategories
28
pre-attentive analysis
SOCIAL ENCODING | an automatic and non-conscious scanning of the environment
29
focal attention
SOCIAL ENCODING | once noticed, stimuli are consciously identified and categorized
30
comprehension
SOCIAL ENCODING | stimuli are given meaning
31
elaborative reasoning
SOCIAL ENCODING | the stimulus is linked to other knowledge to allow for complex inferences
32
salience
SOCIAL ENCODING | property of a stimulus that makes it stand out in relation to other stimuli & attract attention
33
vividness
SOCIAL ENCODING | stand out & attracts attention (doing something crazy)
34
priming
SOCIAL ENCODING activation of accessible categories, schemas in memory that influence how we process new information (concerned about sex --> sexism everywhere)
35
regression
SOCIAL ENCODING | tendency for initial observations of instances from a category to be more extreme than subsequent observations
36
base-rate information
``` SOCIAL ENCODING information about an entire class of events; based in probability what is more likely to happen ```
37
short-cuts
SOCIAL ENCODING | help to navigate the overwhelming amount of social information in our environments
38
heuristic
SOCIAL ENCODING | cognitive short-cuts that provide adequately accurate inferences for most of us most of the time
39
representativeness heuristic
SOCIAL ENCODING cognitive short-cut in which instances are assigned to categories or types on the basis of the overall similarity or resemblance to the category
40
availability heuristic
SOCIAL ENCODING cognitive short-cut in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances or associations come to mind
41
anchoring and adjustment
SOCIAL ENCODING | cognitive short-cut in which inferences are tied to initial standards or schemas
42
internal (dispositional) attribution
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | process of assigning the cause of our own or others' behavior to internal or dispositional factors
43
external (situational) attribution
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | assigning the cause of our own or others' behavior to external or environmental factors
44
correspondent inference
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | causal attribution of behavior to underlying dispositions
45
non-common effects
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | effects of behavior that are relatively exclusive to that behavior rather than other behaviors
46
outcome bias
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | belief that the outcomes of a behavior were intended by the person who chose the behavior
47
hedonic relevance
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | refers to behavior that has important direct consequences for self
48
personalism
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | behavior that appears to be directly intended to benefit or harm oneself rather than others
49
covariation model
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY Kelley's theory of causal attribution: people assign the cause of behavior to the factor that covaries most closely with the behavior
50
discount
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY if there is no consistent relationship between a specific cause and a specific behavior, that cause is discounted in favor of some other cause
51
consistency information
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | information about the extent to which a behavior Y always co-occurs with a stimulus X
52
distinctiveness information
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | information about whether a person's reaction occurs only with one stimulus, or is a common reaction to many stimuli
53
consensus information
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | information about the extent to which other people react in the same way to a stimulus X
54
causal schemata
HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY | experience-based beliefs about how certain types of causes interact to produce an effect
55
self-perception theory
APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY Bem's idea that we gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self-attributions: we infer our own attitudes from our own behavior
56
attributional style
APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY | individual (personality) predisposition to make a certain type of causal attribution for behavior
57
cognitive dissonance
APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY state of psychological tension produced by simultaneously having two opposing cognitions; people are motivated to reduce the tension by changing or rejecting one of the cognitions; Festinger proposed that we seek harmony in our attitudes, beliefs and behaviors and try to reduce tension from inconsistency among these elements
58
selective exposure hypothesis
APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY | people tend to avoid potentially dissonant information
59
effort justification
APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY special case of of cognitive dissonance: inconsistency is experienced when a person makes a considerable effort to achieve a modest goal
60
induced compliance
APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY special case of cognitive dissonance: inconsistency is experienced when a person is persuaded to behave in a way that is contrary to an attitude
61
correspondence bias
ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS general attribution bias in which people have an inflated tendency to see behavior as reflecting (corresponding to) stable underlying personality attributes
62
fundamental attribution error
ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS bias in attributing another's behavior more to internal than to situational causes; overestimate internal & underestimate external; selective perfection (see what we want to see); wrong expectations, operate on automatic-pilot
63
actor-observer effect
ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS tendency to attribute our own behaviors external and others' behavior internally; perpetual focus (can't see yourself while behaving); informational differences
64
false consensus effect
ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS | seeing our own behavior as being more typical than it really is
65
self-serving biases
ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS take credit for positive behavior & explain away negative behavior to external factors; protect or enhance self-esteem or the self-concept
66
self-handicapping
ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS | publicly making advance external attributions for our anticipated failure or poor-performance in a forthcoming event
67
illusion of control
ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS | belief that we have more control over our world than we really do
68
belief in a just world
ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS | good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
69
intergroup attribution
process of assigning the cause of one's own or others' behavior to group membership
70
ethnocentrism
INTERGROUP ATTRIBUTION | evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups
71
ultimate attribution error
INTERGROUP ATTRIBUTION tendency to attribute bad out-group and good in-group behavior internally, and to attribute good out-group and bad in-group behavior externally
72
false uniqueness effect
INTERGROUP ATTRIBUTION | thinking that no one else behaves the way you do

Social Behavior (9 decks)

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