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Social Behavior > Social cognition > Flashcards

Social cognition Flashcards

Problem 1

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Social cognition

A

cognitive processes, structures that influence & are influenced by others; interpretation of situation, thinking about others, information of processing is influenced by prior knowledge

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2
Q

behaviorism

A

emphasis on explaining observable behavior in terms of reinforcement schedules

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3
Q

cognitive consistency

A

people try to reduce inconsistencies

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4
Q

naive scientist

A

people use rational, scientific-like, cause-effect analysis to understand the world

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5
Q

attribution

A

process of assigning a cause to our own & others’ behavior

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6
Q

cognitive miser

A

people use the least complex, demanding cognition

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7
Q

motivated tactician

A

people have multiple cognitive strategies available

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8
Q

configural model

A

Asch’s model of impression formation: central traits play a disproportionate role in configuring the final impression

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9
Q

central traits

A

have significant impact

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10
Q

peripheral traits

A

have insignificant influence on the configuration of final impressions

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11
Q

primacy

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS

order of presentation effect in which earlier presented information has an influence on social cognition

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12
Q

recency

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS

order of presentation effect in which later presented information has more impact

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13
Q

personal constructs

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS

personal ways of characterizing other people & their behavior

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14
Q

implicit personality theories

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS
personal ways of characterizing other people & their behavior; what sorts of characteristics go together
(explaining behavior)

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15
Q

stereotype

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS
widely shared & simplified evaluative image of a social group and its members; slow to change, acquired to an early age, become more pronounced when social tension between groups

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16
Q

social judge-ability

A

BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS

perception of whether it’s socially acceptable to judge a specific target

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17
Q

schema

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES
cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus, including its attributes & the reaction among these attributes; quickly making a sense of a person or event

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18
Q

roles

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

patterns of behavior; for the greater good of the group

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19
Q

person schemas

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

individualized knowledge structures of about specific people

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20
Q

role schemas

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

knowledge structures about role occupants; sometimes about social groups –> social stereotypes

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21
Q

scripts

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES
schemas about an event; make events meaningful; lack if relevant scripts –> feel disoriented, frustrated, complicated encounter with foreign cultures

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22
Q

prototype

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

cognitive representation of ideal/typical defining features of a category

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23
Q

social identity theory

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES
group membership & intergroup relations based on self-categorization, social comparison & construction of a shared self-definition in terms of in-group- defining properties

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24
Q

self-categorization theory

A

SOCIAL SCHEMAS & CATEGORIES

how process of categorizing oneself as a group member produces social identity & (inter-) group behaviors

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25
Q

bookkeeping

A

CHANGING SCHEMAS
gradual schema change through the accumulation of bits of schema- inconsistent information, they can change slowly in the face of accumulating evidence

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26
Q

conversion

A

CHANGING SCHEMAS
sudden & massive schema change as a consequence of schema-inconsistent information; once a mass of disconfirming evidence is accumulated

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27
Q

subtyping

A

CHANGING SCHEMAS

schema change as a consequence of schema-inconsistent information, causing the formation of subcategories

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28
Q

pre-attentive analysis

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

an automatic and non-conscious scanning of the environment

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29
Q

focal attention

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

once noticed, stimuli are consciously identified and categorized

30
Q

comprehension

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

stimuli are given meaning

31
Q

elaborative reasoning

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

the stimulus is linked to other knowledge to allow for complex inferences

32
Q

salience

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

property of a stimulus that makes it stand out in relation to other stimuli & attract attention

33
Q

vividness

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

stand out & attracts attention (doing something crazy)

34
Q

priming

A

SOCIAL ENCODING
activation of accessible categories, schemas in memory that influence how we process new information (concerned about sex –> sexism everywhere)

35
Q

regression

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

tendency for initial observations of instances from a category to be more extreme than subsequent observations

36
Q

base-rate information

A 
SOCIAL ENCODING 
information about an entire class of events; based in probability what is more likely to happen
37
Q

short-cuts

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

help to navigate the overwhelming amount of social information in our environments

38
Q

heuristic

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

cognitive short-cuts that provide adequately accurate inferences for most of us most of the time

39
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

SOCIAL ENCODING
cognitive short-cut in which instances are assigned to categories or types on the basis of the overall similarity or resemblance to the category

40
Q

availability heuristic

A

SOCIAL ENCODING
cognitive short-cut in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances or associations come to mind

41
Q

anchoring and adjustment

A

SOCIAL ENCODING

cognitive short-cut in which inferences are tied to initial standards or schemas

42
Q

internal (dispositional) attribution

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

process of assigning the cause of our own or others’ behavior to internal or dispositional factors

43
Q

external (situational) attribution

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

assigning the cause of our own or others’ behavior to external or environmental factors

44
Q

correspondent inference

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

causal attribution of behavior to underlying dispositions

45
Q

non-common effects

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

effects of behavior that are relatively exclusive to that behavior rather than other behaviors

46
Q

outcome bias

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

belief that the outcomes of a behavior were intended by the person who chose the behavior

47
Q

hedonic relevance

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

refers to behavior that has important direct consequences for self

48
Q

personalism

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

behavior that appears to be directly intended to benefit or harm oneself rather than others

49
Q

covariation model

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY
Kelley’s theory of causal attribution: people assign the cause of behavior to the factor that covaries most closely with the behavior

50
Q

discount

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY
if there is no consistent relationship between a specific cause and a specific behavior, that cause is discounted in favor of some other cause

51
Q

consistency information

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

information about the extent to which a behavior Y always co-occurs with a stimulus X

52
Q

distinctiveness information

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

information about whether a person’s reaction occurs only with one stimulus, or is a common reaction to many stimuli

53
Q

consensus information

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

information about the extent to which other people react in the same way to a stimulus X

54
Q

causal schemata

A

HOW PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE CAUSALITY

experience-based beliefs about how certain types of causes interact to produce an effect

55
Q

self-perception theory

A

APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY
Bem’s idea that we gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self-attributions: we infer our own attitudes from our own behavior

56
Q

attributional style

A

APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY

individual (personality) predisposition to make a certain type of causal attribution for behavior

57
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY
state of psychological tension produced by simultaneously having two opposing cognitions; people are motivated to reduce the tension by changing or rejecting one of the cognitions; Festinger proposed that we seek harmony in our attitudes, beliefs and behaviors and try to reduce tension from inconsistency among these elements

58
Q

selective exposure hypothesis

A

APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY

people tend to avoid potentially dissonant information

59
Q

effort justification

A

APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY
special case of of cognitive dissonance: inconsistency is experienced when a person makes a considerable effort to achieve a modest goal

60
Q

induced compliance

A

APPLICATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY
special case of cognitive dissonance: inconsistency is experienced when a person is persuaded to behave in a way that is contrary to an attitude

61
Q

correspondence bias

A

ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS
general attribution bias in which people have an inflated tendency to see behavior as reflecting (corresponding to) stable underlying personality attributes

62
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS
bias in attributing another’s behavior more to internal than to situational causes; overestimate internal & underestimate external; selective perfection (see what we want to see); wrong expectations, operate on automatic-pilot

63
Q

actor-observer effect

A

ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS
tendency to attribute our own behaviors external and others’ behavior internally; perpetual focus (can’t see yourself while behaving); informational differences

64
Q

false consensus effect

A

ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS

seeing our own behavior as being more typical than it really is

65
Q

self-serving biases

A

ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS
take credit for positive behavior & explain away negative behavior to external factors; protect or enhance self-esteem or the self-concept

66
Q

self-handicapping

A

ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS

publicly making advance external attributions for our anticipated failure or poor-performance in a forthcoming event

67
Q

illusion of control

A

ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS

belief that we have more control over our world than we really do

68
Q

belief in a just world

A

ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS

good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

69
Q

intergroup attribution

A

process of assigning the cause of one’s own or others’ behavior to group membership

70
Q

ethnocentrism

A

INTERGROUP ATTRIBUTION

evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups

71
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

INTERGROUP ATTRIBUTION
tendency to attribute bad out-group and good in-group behavior internally, and to attribute good out-group and bad in-group behavior externally

72
Q

false uniqueness effect

A

INTERGROUP ATTRIBUTION

thinking that no one else behaves the way you do

Social Behavior (9 decks)

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