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Social Behavior > Prejudice & Discrimination > Flashcards

Prejudice & Discrimination Flashcards

Problem 3

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

stereotype

A

belief about a certain group

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2
Q

prejudice

A

unfavorable attitude towards a social group and its members

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3
Q

dehumanization

A

stripping people of their dignity and humanity

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4
Q

genocide

A

ultimate expression of prejudice by exterminating an entire social group

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5
Q

conformity bias

A

minorities always conform to majorities for informational reasons

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6
Q

minority influence

A

numerical, power minorities change the attitudes of the majority

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7
Q

three-component attitude model

A

PREJUDICED ATTITUDES
attitude consists of cognitive, affective and behavioral components; thought, feeling and action as basic to human experience

  1. cognitive: beliefs about a group
  2. affective: strong feelings (usually negative) about a group & its believed qualities
  3. conative: intensions to behave in certain ways towards a group; not the action itself
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8
Q

glass ceiling

A

TARGETS OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

invisible barrier that prevents women, and minorities, from attaining top leadership positions

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9
Q

glass cliff

A

TARGETS OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
tendency for women rather than men to be appointed to precarious leadership positions associated with a high probability of failure and criticism

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10
Q

racism

A

TARGETS OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

prejudice and discrimination against people based on their ethnicity or race

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11
Q

sexism

A

TARGETS OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

prejudice and discrimination against people based on their gender

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12
Q

ageism

A

TARGETS OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age

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13
Q

reluctance to help

A

FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION

not helping different groups to improve on their position in society

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14
Q

tokenism

A

FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION

publicly making small concessions to a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination

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15
Q

reverse discrimination

A

FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION
publicly being prejudiced in favor of a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination against that group

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16
Q

stigma

A

EFFECTS OF PREJUDICE

group attributes that mediate a negative social evaluation of people belonging to the group

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17
Q

stereotype threat

A

EFFECTS OF PREJUDICE
feeling that we will be judged, treated in terms of negative stereotypes of our group & that we will accidentally confirm these stereotypes through our behavior

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18
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

EFFECTS OF PREJUDICE
expectations, assumptions about a person that influence our interaction with that person & change their behavior in line with our expectations

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19
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object

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20
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration

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21
Q

scapegoat

A

individual/group that becomes the target for anger and frustration caused by a different individual/group or some other set of circumstances

22
Q

displacement

A

transfer of negative feelings on to an individual or group other than that which originally caused the negative feelings

23
Q

relative deprivation

A

sense of having less than we feel entitled to

24
Q

Egoistic relative deprivation

A

relative to our aspirations or to other individuals

25
Q

fraternalistic relative deprivation

A

sense that our group has less than it is entitled to, relative to its aspirations or to other groups

26
Q

collective behavior

A

behavior of people en masse, in a crowd, protest, riot

27
Q

authoritarian personality

A

personality syndrome originating in childhood that predisposes individuals to be prejudiced –> learned behavior

28
Q

ethnocentrism

A

evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups

29
Q

dogmatism

A

cognitive style that is rigid, intolerant & predisposes people to be prejudiced

30
Q

social dominance theory

A

attributes prejudice to an individual’s acceptance of an ideology that legitimizes in-group serving hierarchy, domination & rejects egalitarian ideologies

31
Q

system justification theory

A

attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo

32
Q

belief congruence theory

A

similar beliefs promote liking, social harmony among people while dissimilar beliefs produce dislike, prejudice

33
Q

realistic conflict theory

A 
INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR 
(Sherif) explains intergroup behavior in terms of the nature of goal relations between groups
34
Q

prisoner’s dilemma

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

parties are torn between competition and cooperation; depending on mutual choices, both can win or both can lose

35
Q

commons dilemma

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

social dilemma: cooperation by all benefits all, but competition by all harms all

36
Q

in-group favoritism

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

behavior that favors one’s own group over other groups

37
Q

intergroup differentiation

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

behavior that emphasizes differences between our own group and other groups

38
Q

social mobility belief system

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR
intergroup boundaries are permeable; possible for someone to pass from lower-status into higher-status group to improve social identity

39
Q

social change belief system

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR
intergroup boundaries are impermeable; improve social identity only by challenging the legitimacy of the higher-status group’s position

40
Q

social competition

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR
group-based behavioral strategies improve social identity by directly confronting the dominant group’s position in society

41
Q

accentuation effect

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

overestimation of similarities among people within a category, dissimilarities between people from different categories

42
Q

relative homogeneity effect

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

tendency to see out-group members as all the same, in-group members as more differentiated

43
Q

optimal distinctiveness

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR
people strive to achieve a balance between conflicting motives for inclusiveness & separateness, expressed in groups as a balance between intragroup differentiation and intragroup homogenization

44
Q

intergroup emotions theory

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR
in group contexts, appraisals of personal harm/benefit in a situation operate at the level of social identity, produce mainly positive in-group and negative out-group emotions

45
Q

weapons effect

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

presence of weapon increases probability that used aggressively

46
Q

contact hypothesis

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR
bringing members of opposing social groups together will improve intergroup relations, reduce prejudice & discrimination

47
Q

extended contact

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR
knowing about an in-group member who shares a close relationship with an out-group member can improve one’s own attitudes towards the out-group

48
Q

bargaining

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

intergroup conflict resolution where representatives reach agreement through direct negotiation

49
Q

arbitration

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

intergroup conflict resolution in which a neutral third party is invited to impose a mutually binding settlement

50
Q

conciliation

A

INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR

groups make cooperative gestures to one another in the hope of avoiding an escalation of conflict

Social Behavior (9 decks)

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