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Social Behavior > Attitudes > Flashcards

Attitudes Flashcards

Problem 4

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

attitude

A

a) relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings & behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events or symbols
b) general feeling or evaluation (positive or negative) about some person, object or issue

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2
Q

one-component attitude model

A

attitude consists of affect towards or evaluation of the object

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3
Q

two-component attitude model

A

attitude consists of a mental readiness to act. It also guides evaluative (judgmental) responses

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4
Q

three-component attitude model

A

attitude consists of cognitive, affective and behavioral components

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5
Q

cognition

A

knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, ideas that people have about themselves & their environment; may also refer to mental processes through which knowledge is acquired, including perception, memory and thinking

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6
Q

balance theory

A

(Heider) people prefer attitudes that are consistent with each other over those that are inconsistent; person (P) tries to maintain consistency in attitudes to, and relationships with, other people (O) and elements of the environment (X)

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7
Q

information processing

A

evaluation of information; in relation to attitudes, the means by which people acquire knowledge and form and change attitudes

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8
Q

information integration theory

A

idea that a person’s attitude can be estimated by averaging across the positive and negative ratings of the object

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9
Q

theory of reasoned action

A

(Fishbein, Ajzen) relationship between attitudes and behavior, specific attitude that has normative support predicts an intention to act, which then predicts actual behavior

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10
Q

theory of planned behavior

A

(modification, Ajzen) predicting a behavior from an attitude measure is improved if people believe they have control over that behavior

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11
Q

protection motivation theory

A

adopting a healthy behavior requires cognitive balancing between the perceived threat of illness and one’s capacity to cope with the health regimen

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12
Q

self-efficacy

A

expectations about our capacity to succeed in particular tasks

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13
Q

attitude formation

A

FORMING ATTITUDES

process of forming attitudes, mainly from our own experiences, the influences of others and our emotional reactions

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14
Q

evaluative conditioning

A

FORMING ATTITUDES
stimulus will become more liked or less liked when it is consistently paired with stimuli that are either positive or negative

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15
Q

spreading attitude effect

A

FORMING ATTITUDES
liked or disliked person (or attitude object) may affect the evaluation of a second person directly associated & others merely associated with the second person

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16
Q

modelling

A

FORMING ATTITUDES
reproducing the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a real-life or symbolic model; also called observational learning

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17
Q

values

A

FORMING ATTITUDES

higher-order concept thought to provide a structure for organizing attitudes

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18
Q

ideology

A

FORMING ATTITUDES
systematically interrelated set of beliefs whose primary function is explanation; circumscribes thinking, making it difficult for holder to escape from it

19
Q

social representations

A

FORMING ATTITUDES

explanations of unfamiliar, complex phenomena that transform them into a familiar, simple form

20
Q

expectancy-value model

A

FORMING ATTITUDES

direct experience with attitude object informs a person how much that object should be liked or disliked in the future

21
Q

belief based (reasoned) evaluation

A

FORMING ATTITUDES

easy to change

22
Q

cue driven (automatic) evaluation

A

FORMING ATTITUDES

hard to change

23
Q

explicit attitudes

A

FORMING ATTITUDES

conscious, voluntarily formed; (self reports)

24
Q

implicit attitudes

A

FORMING ATTITUDES

unconscious, involuntarily formed; (implicit association test)

25
Q

attitude change

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE
significant modification of an individual’s attitude; in the persuasion process this involves the communicator, the communication, the medium used and the characteristics of the audience. Attitude change can also occur by inducing someone to perform an act that runs counter to an existing attitude

–> post-decisional conflict = dissonance associated with behaving in a counter-attitudinal way; dissonance reduced by bringing the attitude into line with the behavior

26
Q

persuasive communication

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

message intended to change an attitude and related behaviors of an audience

27
Q

source (sender)

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

point of origin of persuasive communication

28
Q

message (signal)

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

communication from source directed to audience

29
Q

audience (receiver)

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

intended target of persuasive communication

30
Q

third person effect

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

thinking to be less influenced than others by advertisements

31
Q

sleeper effect

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE
impact of a persuasive message can increase over time when a discounting cue, such as an invalid source, can no longer be recalled

32
Q

disconfirmation bias

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

noticing, refuting, regarding arguments that contradict our beliefs

33
Q

elaboration-likelihood model

A 
ATTITUDE CHANGE 
(Petty, Cacioppo) model of attitude change: when people attend to a message carefully, they use a central route to process it, otherwise they use a peripheral route; vs. heuristic systematic model
34
Q

heuristic-systematic model

A 
ATTITUDE CHANGE 
(Chaikin) model of attitude change: when people attend to a message carefully, they use systematic processing; otherwise they process information by using heuristics, or "mental short-cuts"
35
Q

ingratiation

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

strategic attempt to get someone to like you in order to obtain compliance with a request

36
Q

compliance

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE
superficial, public, transitory change in behavior & expressed attitudes in response to requests, coercion or group pressure

37
Q

foot-in-the-door tactic

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE
multiple-request technique to gain compliance, in which the focal request is preceded by a smaller request that is bound to be accepted

38
Q

door-in-the-face tactic

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE
multiple-request technique to gain compliance, in which the focal request is preceded by a larger request that is bound to be refused

39
Q

low-ball tactic

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE
technique for inducing compliance in which a person who agrees to a request still feels committed after finding that there are hidden cost

40
Q

mindlessness

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

agreeing to a request without giving it a thought

41
Q

reactance

A 
ATTITUDE CHANGE 
(Brehm) people try to protect their freedom to act; when they perceive that this freedom has been curtailed, they will act to regain it
42
Q

forewarning

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

advance knowledge that one is to be the target of a persuasion attempt produces resistance to persuasion

43
Q

inoculation

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE
way of making people resistant to persuasion by providing them with a diluted counter-argument, they can build up refutations to a later, stronger argument

44
Q

instrumental learning

A

ATTITUDE CHANGE

positive or negative consequences that follow behavior will form positive or negative attitudes towards it

Social Behavior (9 decks)

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