Social & Behavioural Sciences

Question 1

What are the 5 waves of public health?

Answer 1

*cultural
*social
*clinical (lifestyle related diseases)
*biomedical (antibiotics, early vaccines)
*structural (clean water, sewers,drains)

Question 2

What are social determinants of health?

Answer 2

• Social determinants of health
  (SDOH) are conditions in which
  individuals are born, live, work,
  learn, play, and age that affect
  health, risks, functioning, and
  outcomes.
• Examples of SDOH include:
• economic stability
• education, social and community
  context
• health care accessibility
• environment

Question 3

What are the roles of pharmacists in addressing SDOH?

Answer 3

• Community pharmacies provide accessible
  health services.
• Often located in areas of higher deprivation
  – ideal for improving inequalities.
• Can address the inverse care law (which
  states that people who need health care the
  most are the least likely to receive it).
  *influence outcomes associated with SDOH through screening and intervention methods.

Question 4

What can pharmacists do? (deepen our understanding)

Answer 4

Deepen our understanding
* Understand the population of our pharmacy: Demographics, but also
reach out to community groups.
* Understand any biases: make everyone feel they can engage with our
services
* Identify pharmacy-related barriers: may be conflicting for different
groups
EMPHASIS ON PATIENT CENTRED CHOICE

Question 5

What can pharmacists do? (understand and improve our pharmacy culture)

Answer 5

• Are people welcomed?
• Are they shamed?
• Are people comfortable to ask for help?
• Are staff attitudes patronising and oppressive?
• Is the pharmacy team actively reaching out to different parts of the
  local population?
• Important to show active listening and empathy for users of services

Question 6

What can pharmacists do? (improve structural barriers)

Answer 6

• Literacy
• Are sources of information tailored to a person’s comprehension level, reading
  age and disabilities. This includes digital competence.
  “43% of adults are not able to understand written health information.” RPS
• Language
• Are sources available in a range of languages, or is their access to an interpreter