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Year 1 BSc Psychology > Social 6-10 > Flashcards

Social 6-10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is conformity?

A

a change in a person’s behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group

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2
Q

why do we conform?

A
  • informational social influence
  • normatvie social influence
  • social norms
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3
Q

what is informational social influence

A

accepting information from others as reflecting reality (what is right)

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4
Q

what is normative social influence

A

people wanting to meet positive expectations of others

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5
Q

what is social norms

A

conforming based on rules on how to behave

carpark study=people littered in a dirty carpark but not in a clean one

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6
Q

types of social norms in conformity

A
  • descriptive social norm

- injunctive social norm

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7
Q

what is descriptive social norm?

A

how the majority of people act

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8
Q

what is injunctive social norm?

A

how other expect you to act

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9
Q

what is deindividuation (stanford prison study)

A

feeling less of an individual

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10
Q

what was the outcome of the stanford prison study?

A

prisoners and guards conformed to their social roles and were deindividualised

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11
Q

what was the outcome of the BBC prison study?

A

guards were kind to prisoners and worked together with them

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12
Q

what is a necessity for a successful minority?

A

consistency which shows commitment

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13
Q

what was the outcome of Moscovici’s study?

A

the more consistent minority had the highest level of conformity to minority

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14
Q

what is obedience?

A

complying to orders from someone of a high status

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15
Q

what was a finding of Milgram’s obedience study (electric shocks)

A

65% gave the maximum shock. obedience decreased due to social support, lack of experimenter presence and when participants chose their own shock level

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16
Q

what was a criticism of the prods used n Milgram’s study?

A

only one measured obedience = ‘you have no other choice, you must go one’

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17
Q

what is included in ethics as proposed by Nuremberg Code

A
  • informed consent
  • results fruitful for society
  • avoid unnecessary harm
  • risk should not exceed benefits
  • participants free to end participantion
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18
Q

What did Sherif (1936) find in his research into conformity? (moving light study)

A

participants’ answers to moving light were more diverse when in a group showing they changed based on the group’s opinion

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19
Q

what did Asch (1956) find in his research into conformity?

A

75% of people conformed at least once

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20
Q

What was Sherif & Sherif’s (1969) theory of what groups should be like?

A

a group should have social structure = a superior and subordinates

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21
Q

what was Tajfel’s (1981) theory of what groups should be like?

A

a group exists when 2 or more people define themselves as members of the group (common identity)

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22
Q

What is the Minimal Group Paradigm?

A

Showing a preference for own group even without knowing the others and what they were invlolved in

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23
Q

what are the 2 ways in which groups can influence behaviour?

A

group performance and moral behaviour

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24
Q

what are the two ways group performance can be affected by groups?

A
  • social facilitation

- social loafing

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25
Q

what are the two ways moral behaviour is influenced by groups?

A
  • ingroup bias

- crowd behaviour

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26
Q

what is social facilitation?

A

when performance improves in the presence of others

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27
Q

what was Triplett’s (1898) finding into social facilitation?

A

when people had to cycle or wind a fishing reel, the performances were better in the presence of others

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28
Q

what is social loafing?

A

performance decreases in the presence of others

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29
Q

what was Ringlemann’s (1913) finding into social loafing?

A

when people pulled a rope either alone or in a group, performance declined as group size increased

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30
Q

describe reasons for changes in group performance

A

when a person’s efforts can/can’t be evaluated in a group then they increase/decrease their effort which cause social facilitation/social loafing

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31
Q

what is the Realistic Conflict Theory (Sherif, 1966)

A
  • conflict arises because 2 or more groups are competing for a scarce resource
  • harmony can be achieved by working on a superordinate goal (together)
32
Q

Describe the Robbers Cave Experiment (Sherif, 1961)

A

at a camp boys, in different groups, were put against each other but then asked to do a task for both teams. Conflict was resolved when they did this task

33
Q

what did Lebron (1908) suggest about crowd behaviour?

A

people behave differently in crowds when:

  • anonymous
  • lose personal responsibility
  • act without personal restraint
34
Q

what did Reicher (1984) discover about crowd behaviour during riots

A

people didn’t attack all buildings so they followed SOCIAL NORMS

35
Q

what are the steps to crowd behaviour by Postmes and Spears (1998)

A
  • initial deindividuation - feel apart from the group

- act with group norms

36
Q

What is the Bystander Effect

A

when there are other people around, individuals are less lively to help people in need, than when they’re alone

37
Q

describe case study of Kitty Genovese (Bystander Effect)

A
  • after being stabbed on the way home from work, 38 people heard her scream but no one helped.
  • because she remained un-helped, her stabber raped then killed her
38
Q

Why are people unwilling to help? (Bystander Effect)

A
  • PLURALISITIC IGNORANCE-think not an emergency
  • AUDIENCE INHIBITION-don’t want to look stupid in front of other
  • DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY-feel shard responsibility to help. more people=less individual responsibility
39
Q

Describe findings from Latane and Darley’s 1970, study into bystander effect (SMOKE FILLED ROOM)

A

people were less likely to go for help when with other people.
with confederate=10% of people went for help

40
Q

Describe findings into Latane and Darley’s 1968, study into bystander effect (SEIZURE VICTIM)

A

helping decrease with more bystanders

41
Q

Describe findings into Latane and Rodin (1969) study into bystander effect (FALLEN CABINET)

A
  • high helping when with a friend

- low helping when confederate does nothing

42
Q

Describe findings into Pilivin 1969 study into bystander effect (FALLEN PERSON ON SBWAY TRAIN)

A

-lower helping when black and drunk person (75%)

generally helping was at 100%

43
Q

Describe the findings of the study into the existence of the bystander effect (Fischer 2011)

A

meta-analysis of studies found 53 studies suggesting bystander effect exists and has been replicated

44
Q

Reducing the bystander effect (Beaman, 1978)

A

after being lectured on the bystander effect, there was generally more helping behaviour (65%)

45
Q

what drives helping behaviour?

A
  • altruism

- egoism

46
Q

what is helping?

A

an intentional act that benefits another living being or group

47
Q

prosocial behaviour

A

behaviour that benefits others but isn’t driven by personal obligations; can be selfless or selfish

48
Q

altruism

A

an act that is motivated by desire to help selflessly, without benefit to self

49
Q

egoism

A

focus on self, wanting to help to feel proud, remove guilt

50
Q

negative state relief model (Gialdini, 1987)

A
  • seeing others in need causes distress for human

- we want to remove the distress therefore helping is selfish

51
Q

describe the findings of Manucia 1984 research into the negative state relief model

A

highest helping=when people were sad and thought their emotions weren’t fixed
wanted to help to feel better

52
Q

what is the Empathy Altruism Hypothesis, Bateson 1991

A
  • people with high empathy =want to help (selfless)

- low empathy=only help when cannot escape situation

53
Q

Describe Bateson’s findings into the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis, 1981 (WATCHING SIMILAR/DISSIMILAR PEOPLE GETTING SHOCKS)

A

people were more likely to help when high empathy and cannot escape (10/10 shocks) and thought person was similar to them

54
Q

Describe Shepard’s findings into the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis (2018)

A
  • prideful sperm donors had the intention and action of giving (high egoism)
  • prideful egg donors had the intention of giving but less action (women have limited eggs)
55
Q

what is aggression?

A

form of behaviour directed towards the goal of HARMING or INJURING another LIVING BEING who is motivated to AVOID such treatment

56
Q

what does an act need to have to be considered aggressive?

A
  • an INTETNITON to be aggressive
  • an UNDERSTANDING that it will cause PAIN
  • person motivated to AVOID harm
57
Q

types of aggression

A
  • VIOLENCE
  • RATIONAL aggression
  • INSTRUMENTAL aggression
  • HOSTILE aggression
58
Q

what is violence?

A

behaviour designed to cause HARM through PHYSICAL force

59
Q

what is rational aggression?

A

damaging SOCIAL relationships

60
Q

what is instrumental aggression?

A

aggressive act with their aim of ACHIEVING a goal

61
Q

what is hostile aggression?

A

aggressive behaviour motivated by desire to EXPRESS ANGER

62
Q

what are the biological explanations of aggression?

A
  • Steam-Boiler Model
  • Genetics
  • Hormones
63
Q

What is the Steam Boiler Model explanation to aggression? (biological)

A
  • we constantly produce AGGRESSIVE ENERGY and occasionally need to release it i.e aggressive actions
  • reducing ager-evoking does not reduce aggression
  • if allowed to build up, we BURST=be aggressive in ANTI-SOCIAL ways
64
Q

what is the genetic explanation of aggression (biological)

A

-50% of people aggressions were due to genetics (meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies)

65
Q

what is the hormones explanation of aggression (biological)

A
  • testosterone activates fight response
  • high testosterone=high aggression
  • 2D:4D ration=long ring fingers=high aggression (only in men)
  • increase of testosterone, increase aggression (more hot sauce after holding a gun)
66
Q

what are the psychological explanations to aggression?

A
  • FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
  • blocking of ones daily goal leads to aggression
  • more aggression when there is NOR FEAR of PUNISHMENT and CAUSE OF FRUSTRATION is available
  • Social Learning Theory=Bobo doll study. Aggression increases from watching a model
67
Q

what are the situational explanations to aggression?

A
  • weak to moderate link between MEDIA VIOLENCE and aggression (meta-analysis)
  • ALCOHOL- 80% of violent offenders drank alcohol before crime (increases aggression when low in empathy)
  • HEAT-temperature increases aggression to a certain point (25 degrees) after this temp people get tired
68
Q

what is facial symmetry?

A
  • one side of the face is identical to the other; mirror image
  • people generally find facial symmetry more attractive
69
Q

why are symmetrical faces more attractive?

A

EVOLUTION!

  • motivated to find partners with strong genes
  • facial symmetry=GENE STRENGTH & ability to deal with DEVELOPMENTAL STRESS
70
Q

What facial features are attractive in females?

A

-smooth skin
-high cheekbones
(high oestrogen=healthy offspring)

71
Q

what facial features are attractive in males?

A

-prominent brow and cheek bones
-wide jaws
(high testosterone=strong offspring)

72
Q

what body features are attractive in males?

A
  • body symmetry=fast & lots of sperm

- broad shoulders and narrow waist

73
Q

what body features are attractive in females?

A
  • breast symmetry=better reproductive ability

- hourglass figure (hips:waist of .70=reproductive ability

74
Q

what is the importance of attraction

A
  • males want attractive partners

- females want good financial prospects

75
Q

evaluation of physical attractiveness

A

limited and outdated

-assumes that healthy offspring is central to attraction but NOT EVERYBODY WANTS CHILDREN

76
Q

what are the psychological features of attractiveness?

A
  • proximity=being physically close to a person increase liking
  • familiarity=people remembered strangers that they had seen more times in a lecture theatre
  • similarity=people liked people that were more similar to them even though hadn’t met them
77
Q

what is the Law of Attraction?

A

the more similar you are to a person, the greater the attraction

Year 1 BSc Psychology (10 decks)

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