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Year 1 BSc Psychology > Biological 6-10 > Flashcards

Biological 6-10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A

Enable communication between cells through the blood (endocrine system)

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2
Q

Similarities between neural and endocrine systems

A
  • production of chemicals stored for later release
  • some chemicals are hormones and neurotransmitters
  • stimulated to release chemicals
  • each react with specific receptors
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3
Q

Differences between neural and endocrine systems

A
  • Neural communication is fixed between channels to precise locations; hormonal signalling is more generalised
  • Neural messages are very rapid; hormonal communication is slower and more prolonged
  • Neural messages either fire or dont; hormones require more for greater effect
  • Some neural communication is under voluntary control; hormone release is not
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4
Q

Hormonal Classification and action

A
  • PROTEIN hormones made up of amino acids- BIG so bind with receptors on membrane
  • STEROID hormones made up of cholesterol-SMALLER so pass through membrane and bind with receptors on the cytoplasm
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5
Q

Location of Major Endocrine Glands (7)

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary (women)
  • Testis (men)
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6
Q

What does the Pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

affects sleep and light

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7
Q

Job of the hypothalamus in relation to pituitary gland

A

Makes Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones that stimulate or inhibit release from the pituitary gland

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8
Q

Job of the pituitary gland

A

releases tropic hormones which influences release of hormones from other glands

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9
Q

What controls the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

A

Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones

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10
Q

What controls the Posterior Pituitary Gland?

A

Nerve stimulation from hypothalamus

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11
Q

What does the Posterior Pituitary Gland produce?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH/Vaporessin)

Oxytocin

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12
Q

What is the job of Anti-diuretic hormone? (secreted by the pituitary gland)

A
  • stimulates the re-absorption of water by kidneys

- stimulates vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What is the job of oxytocin? (secreted by the posterior pituitary gland)

A
  • causes muscle contraction in uterus (childbirth)

- stimulates ejection of breast milk

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14
Q

Why is oxytocin known as the tend and befriend

A
  • levels respond to social stimulation (inhibits stress)

- elevated levels during sexual arousal and orgasm

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15
Q

What does the Anterior Pituitary Gland produce?

A
  • growth hormones
  • thyroid stimulating hormones
  • gonadotrophins (sex hormone release)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Prolactin
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16
Q

What is the job of the growth hormones? (Anterior pituitary glands)

A

-regulates GROWTH rates (not enough growth hormones causes pituitary dwarfism; too much causes gigantism)

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17
Q

What is the job of thyroid stimulating hormones? (Anterior pituitary glands)

A

-stimulates THYROXINE by the thyroid gland. if thyroid can’t produce enough thyroxine, it swells up

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18
Q

What is the job of Gonadotrophins? (Anterior Pituitary Glands)

A
  • Luteinizing Hormone- production of PROGESTERONE and TESTOSTERONE (ovaries and testes and adrenal cortex
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone- production of ESTROGEN ad SPERM (ovaries and testes)
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19
Q

What is the job of PROLACTIN?

A
  • tissue development in breasts during pregnancy
  • stimulates milk production after birth
  • sexual desire: more prolactin after orgasms reducing sexual desire)
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20
Q

Structure of the Adrenal Gland

A
  • Sits on top of the kidneys

- Made up of Medulla (inside),NERVE IMPLUSES and Cortex (outside), ACTH from anterior pituitary

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21
Q

Job of the Adrenal Medulla (Fight, Flight, F**k Hormones

A

-Secretes Adrenaline and Noradrenaline which regulates heart rate, glucose release and peripheral blood vessels

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22
Q

Job of the Adrenal Cortex

A
  • SEX HORMONES (Adrogens and Estrogens(testes/ovaries)
  • MINERALOCORTICOIDS (Aldosterone-kidneys retain sodium and excrete potassium, maintains blood pressure, maintains salt and water in the body
  • CORTICOSTEROIDS (stress hormones-Cortisol)
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23
Q

Job of the Pancreas

A

-secretes insulin (takes up excess glucose) and glucagon (releases glucose)

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24
Q

Job of the testes

A

-secretes androgens–> Testosterone (begins in prenatal development to determining sex, then bursts in puberty)

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25
Q

Job of testosterone in puberty? (male hormone)

A
  • growth and development of the male reproductive structures
  • increased skeletal muscle growth
  • enlargement f the larynx (voice changes)
  • increased body hair
  • sexual drive
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26
Q

Job of the Ovaries

A

-secretes female sex hormones (estrogen)

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27
Q

What is the job of Estradiol (female hormone)

A

-breast development
distribution of fat
-maturation of uterus and vagina

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28
Q

What is the job of Progestrone (female hormone)

A

-thickens the lining of uterus in pregnancy

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29
Q

What is the job of Estradiol and Progestrone?

A
  • stimulates changes in uterus during the menstrual cycle

- influences sexual behaviour

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30
Q

Describe the link between the colour red and testosterone

A

Those who prefer the colour red had higher levels of testosterone and were viewed as more aggressive.

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31
Q

What is the job of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone?

A

Stress Hormone Release-stimulates release of stress hormones from adrenal cortex

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32
Q

Name the two pathways in which stress enters the body

A 
Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary (SAM) Axis
Hypothalamic Pituitary (HPA) Axis
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33
Q

What are the roles of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in the SAM Axis?

A

increased

  • heart rate
  • blood pressure
  • redirection of blood muscle/organs
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34
Q

What is the role of cortsol in the short term?

A

Increased

  • sensitivity of cells to adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • blood sugar levels
  • mental alertness
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35
Q

What is the role of cortisol on the long term processes?

A

switches off

  • immune system
  • growth and repair
  • digestion
  • reproduction
  • regulation of sleep patterns
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36
Q

Describe stress going through the SAM Axis

A

Stressor is detected in the HYPOTHALAMUS and is communicated to the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM which communicates to the ADRENAL MEDULLA (inside) and secretes ADRENALINE or NORADRENALINE

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37
Q

Describe stress going through the HPA Axis

A

Stressor is detected in the HYPOTHALAMUS and is communicated to the PITUITARY GLAND which releases ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) through the blood which communicates to the ADRENAL CORTEX which secretes CORTISOL

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38
Q

How do we measure adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body?

A

blood samples, heart rates/blood pressure

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39
Q

How do we measure cortisol in the body?

A

cotton swab collects saliva

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40
Q

What are the effects of long term stress i.e continuous cortisol in the body

A

SYSTEMS SWITCH OFF

  • immune system=increased risk of ILL-HEALTH
  • growth and repair=INABILITY to health wounds
  • digestion=increased risk of PEPTIC ULCERS
  • reproduction=FERTILITY PROBLEMS
  • regulation of sleep patterns=INSOMNIA
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41
Q

How could measure stress in the real world?

A
  • exam periods
  • caregiving
  • stressful living conditions
  • excessive lifestyles
  • high stress jobs
  • major life events
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42
Q

How could we measure stress in the lab?

A
  • public speaking tasks
  • mental arithmetic
  • mirror-tracing
  • injections
  • cold pressor
  • noise
  • mutli-tasking
  • strooptask
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43
Q

What is the link between ecstasy users and cortisol?

A
  • impaired memory
  • sleep problems
  • depression and anxiety
  • impaired immunity
  • ill-health
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44
Q

Name the 2 systems under the NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

CENTRAL nervous system

PERIPHERAL nervous system

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45
Q

Name the 2 systems under the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

BRAIN

SPINAL CORD

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46
Q

Name the 3 parts of the BRAIN in the CNS

A
  • FOREBRAIN
  • MIDBRAIN
  • HINDBRAIN
47
Q

Name the 2 parts of the FOREBRAIN in the CNS

A
  • TELENCEPHALON

- DIENCEPHALON

48
Q

Name the 2 parts of the TELENCEPHALON (FOREBRAIN)

A
  • LIMBIC SYSTEM

- CEREBRAL CORTEX

49
Q

Name the 2 parts of the DIENCEPHALON (FOREBRAIN)

A
  • THALAMUS

- HYPOTHALAMUS

50
Q

Name the 2 parts of the MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN)

A
  • TECTUM

- TEGMENTUM

51
Q

Name the one part of the MIDBRAIN

A

MESENCEPHALON

52
Q

Name the 2 parts of the HINDBRAIN

A

METENCEPHALON

MYELENCEPHALON

53
Q

Name the 2 parts of the METENCEPHALON

A
  • CEREBELLUM

- PONS

54
Q

Name the one part of the MYELENCEPHALON

A

MEDULLA

55
Q

Name the 2 parts of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • AUTONOMIC NS

- SOMATIC NS

56
Q

Name the 2 parts of the AUTONOMIC NS

A
  • SYMPATHETIC NS

- PARASMPATHETIC NS

57
Q

VENTRAL Direction

A

toward the FRONT (belly) or toward the BOTTOM of the head

58
Q

DORSAL Direction (dolphin fins)

A

toward the BACK of the body or towards the TOP of the head

59
Q

ROSTRAL/ANTERIAL Direction

A

toward the NOSE

60
Q

CAUDAL/POSTERIOR Direction

A

toward the FEET (in humans) or TAIL

61
Q

LATERAL Direction

A

towards the SIDES

62
Q

MEDIAL Direction

A

towards the MIDDLE

63
Q

BILATERAL Direction

A

on BOTH SIDE of the body or head

64
Q

IPSILATERAL Direction

A

on the SAME side of the body or head

65
Q

CONTRALATERAL Direction

A

on the opposite side of the body or head

66
Q

HORIZONTAL section - autonomical plane (burger bun)

A

HORIZONTAL section in the brain

67
Q

SAGITTAL section - autonomical plane (baguette)

A

DOWN THE MIDDLE FROM THE TOP of the brain

68
Q

CORONAL section - autonomical plane (loaf of bread)

A

SLICE FROM THE FROM

69
Q

3 facts about the brain

A
  • brain cannot store glucose
  • needs a constant supply of blood from glucose and oxygen
  • interruption of glucose and oxygen to the brain causes unconsciousness
70
Q

What structure protects the brain

A

skull and meninges

71
Q

what structure protects the spinal cord

A

spinal column and meninges

72
Q

WHAT is the meninges filled with and HOW does it add protection to the brain and spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid which EXPANDS/COMPRESSES to stop brain bashing into bone

73
Q

what is meningitis?

A

infection/inflammation of the meninges

74
Q

how does the Blood-Brain Barrier protect the brain and spinal cord?

A

keeps out harmful substances i.e too big to pass

75
Q

how does the ventricular system protect the brain and spinal cord?

A

CSF in 4 ventricles around the brain and exits and wanders around subarachnoid space and acts as extra cushioning

76
Q

What is the job of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA in the MYELENCEPHALON (hindbrain)

A
  • controls cardiovascular system
    -respiration
    -muscle tone
    (by receiving information on heart rate, bp, o2, co2)
77
Q

What is the job of the PONS in the METENCEPHALON (hindbrain)

A

(links hindbrain and midbrain)

  • respiration
  • eye movement
  • facial expressions
  • chewing
78
Q

What is the job of the CEREBELLUM in the METENCEPHLAON (hindbrain)

A
  • communicates to motor cortex and sense organs
  • voluntary muscle movements
  • maintenance of balance and equilibrium
  • muscle tone and posture
79
Q

What is the job of the TECTUM (roof) in the MESENCEPHALON (midbrain)

A
  • auditory and visual communication
80
Q

What is the job of the TEGMENTUM (covering) in the MESENCEPHALON (midbrain)

A
  • sensory process, movement, motor control
81
Q

What is the job of TELENCEPHALON-the hemispheres (forebrain)

A

-Corpus Callosum is responsible for communication between the hemispheres

82
Q

What is the job of the THALAMUS in the DIENCEPHALON (forebrain)

A

-receives sensory information and relays to the cortex

83
Q

What is the job of the HYPOTHALAMUS in the DIENCEPHALON (forebrain)

A
  • connected to pituitary gland and regulates ANS and Endocrine System
84
Q

What is the job of the LIMBIC SYSTEM of the TELENCEPHALON (the hemispheres)

A

structures involved in stress and emotion, memory storage and retrieval

85
Q

What are the structures in the LIMBIC SYSTEM of the TELENCEPHALON (the hemispheres)

A
  • Cingulate Gyrus->controls emotional behaviour
  • Fornix ->links hippocampus to hypothalamus
  • Amygdala->emotional processing and motivation
  • Hippocampus->involved in learning and memory
86
Q

What is the white matter made up of in the forebrain

A

axons covered in myelin sheath

87
Q

what is thegrey matter made up of in the forebrain

A

cortex made up or cells

88
Q

name the 3 grooves in the brain

A
  • longitudinal fissure
  • central sculus (separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe)
  • lateral fissure (separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobes)
89
Q

name the 4 grooves in the brain

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
90
Q

job of the occipital lobes

A
  • main visual cortex
  • damage-cortical blindness
  • contralateral so damage to one side is shown on the other side
91
Q

job of the parietal lobe

A
  • sensation and perception
  • integrates sensory information and spatial information
  • contralateral
  • damage-right/left confusion, sensory neglect, problems with spatial ability, disorders in perceiving ourselves
92
Q

describe the structure of the somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

A

-big parts of this structure is dedicated to parts of the body that are most sensitive i.e. thumb part is bigger than wrist

93
Q

job of the temporal lobe

A
  • memory (HIPPOCAMPUS)
  • emotion and mood (AMYGDALA)
  • auditory and visual perception (WERNICKE’S AREA)
94
Q

job of the frontal lobe

A
  • receives information from other lobes (control lobe)
95
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia (located in the temporal lobe)

A

inability to understand words or arrange words into coherent speech

96
Q

Broca’s Aphasia (located in the frontal lobe)

A

slow, non-fluent speech but is coherent

97
Q

job of the motor cortex (frontal lobe)

A

movement is contralateral

98
Q

roles of the pre-frontal cortex

A 
planning and evaluation
event monitoring
monitoring emotions
working memory
(Phineas Gage had damage to this after railway accident)
99
Q

parts of the frontal lobe

A 
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
frontal cortex
prefrontal cortex
Broca's area
100
Q

Neuroanatomical Techniques of studying the brain

A
  • Cell body stains
  • Myelin Stains
  • Membrane Stains
101
Q

Histochemical Techniques to studying the brain

A

-locate specific neurons and neurotransmitters by adding artificial antibodies which bind to specific antigens

102
Q

What are the disadvantages of measuring the brain using neuroanatomical and histochemical techniques?

A

-require brain slices so post-mortem

103
Q

CAT Scans

A
  • X Rays of patients brain to produce 2D image
  • whiter image, denser brain tissue
  • used for diagnosis of tumours, strokes, blood clots, neural degeneration
104
Q

MRI Scans

A
  • Magnetic Radiation from hydrogen atoms

- produces images in the 3 anatomical planes

105
Q

fMRI Scans

A
  • Heamodynamic Responses (metabolic activity)
  • where brain consumes oxygen which equals activity
  • warm colours (more activity) and cold colours (less activity)
106
Q

PET Scans

A
  • radioactive glucose is injected into patient which is taken up by active/metabolising cells
  • difference between healthy and diseased brains
107
Q

Advantages of Brain Imaging

A
  • non-invasive for patient
  • good spatial resolution (structures and functions)
  • can be used to compare healthy brains and diseased brains and activity during tasks (PET,fMRI)
108
Q

Disadvantages of brain imaging

A
  • risks from XRAYS and Radiation
    poor temporal resolution, not good at lining events to changes in images
  • noisy and scary/claustrophobic
  • may be expensive/not portable
109
Q

Recording electrical activity

A
  • Micro-electrodes implanted into the brain to record neural activity of individual neurons (NOT SUITABLE FOR HUMANS)
  • Macro-electrodes attached to scalp (EEG) to measure activity between active and neutral electrodes
110
Q

4 types of EEG waves

A
  • BETA - awake
  • ALPHA - calm
  • THETA - deep relaxation
  • DELTA - deep sleep
111
Q

Advantages of Macroelectrodes

A
  • non-invasive

- ca differentiate between neurological conditions

112
Q

Disadvantages of Macroelectrodes

A

time consuming, lots of equipment

  • interpretation requires experience
  • doesn’t establish activity in a single region
113
Q

Disadvantages of brain damage studies

A

we don’t know what people were like before they had the brain damage

Year 1 BSc Psychology (10 decks)

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