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Year 1 BSc Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Define repression (defence mechanism)

A

forget things that cause anxiety

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2
Q

Define regression (defence mechanism)

A

revert to immature patterns of behaviour

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3
Q

Define denial (defence mechanism)

A

refuse to accept the true nature of the situation

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4
Q

Define displacement (defence mechanism)

A

transfer ideas and feelings from their original source to a less threatening object

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5
Q

Define sublimation (defence mechanism)

A

channeling of impluses into behaviour that benefits society

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6
Q

Define reaction formation (defence mechanism)

A

behave in a way that is the exact opposite to one’s true feeling

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7
Q

Define rationalisation (defence mechanism)

A

create false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour

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8
Q

Define projection (defence mechanism)

A

attribute thoughts that makes us feel guilty on to others, as if the action comes from them

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9
Q

Define fixation (defence mechanism)

A

get stuck at an immature stage

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10
Q

Define identification (defence mechanism)

A

identify with more powerful people to boost self-esteem

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11
Q

2 aspects of early personality theories

A
  • personality is inherited in our genes

- personality types

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12
Q

Hippocrates - 4 personality types

A
  • Choleric
  • Sanguine
  • Phlegmatic
  • Melancholic
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13
Q

Choleric personality type (Hippocrates)

A
  • Quick tempered

- excess yellow bile (Galen)

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14
Q

Sanguine personality type (Hippocrates)

A
  • warm, cheerful, confident

- excess blood (Galen)

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15
Q

Phlegmatic personality type (Hippocrates)

A
  • sluggish, calm, cool

- excess phlegm (Galen)

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16
Q

Melancholic personality type (Hippocrates)

A
  • gloomy, pensive

- excess black bile (Galen)

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17
Q

Who explained Hippocrates personality theory using humors (bodily fluids)

A

Galen

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18
Q

Describe Kretchsmer 3 main body types

A

-Aesthenic-fragile, narrowly built
-Athletic-muscular type
-Pyknic-plump physique
(Dysplastic-doesn’t fit into any of the groups)

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19
Q

Personality of Aesthenic body type (Kretchsmer)

A

-Schizophrenia

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20
Q

Personality of Athletic body types (Kretchsmer)

A

-less severe thought disorders

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21
Q

Personality of Pyknic body types (Kretchsmer)

A

-manic depression/bipolar

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22
Q

Describe Sheldon’s 3 body types to personality

A
  • Endomorphy
  • Mesomorphy
  • Ectomorphy
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23
Q

Personality of Endomorph body type (Sheldon)

A

Relaxed, easy going (Visceratonia)

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24
Q

Personality of Mesomorph body type (Sheldon)

A

Courageous, bold, energetic (Somatonia)

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25
Q

Personality of Ectomorph body type (Sheldon)

A

Apprehensive, secretive, restrained

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26
Q

Evaluate Sheldon’s study into body types and normal behaviour

A

Sheldon assigned the body types and persoailty types so he ay have been biased

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27
Q

Describe what Gluek and Gleuk found about delinquent boys and their body types

A

Delinquent boys were more likely to be mesomorphs (muscular) maybe because they could illicit fear on less muscular

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28
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A
  • a theory of personality

- procedures relating to personality change or treatment

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29
Q

Describe the concious level of the mind (Freud)

A

what we are aware of

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30
Q

Describe the preconcious level of the mind (Freud)

A

what we aren’t currently aware of but can be concious if we focus on them

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31
Q

Describe the unconcious level of the mind (Freud)

A
  • unaware of these thought and can’t be brought into the concious
  • contains sexual and aggressive urges
  • has a strong influence on behaviour
  • dreams imerge from here
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32
Q

What are dreams? (Freud)

A

-Show a person’s inner thoughts or intentions
-Part1:Manifest Content (what we remeber)
-Part2:Latent Content(the hidden meaning)
Nightmares occur when a repressed wish breaks through

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33
Q

What is psychic energy? (Freud)

A
  • source of human motivation used for psychological functioning
  • Cathexis: investment of psychic energy
  • Flows through 3 personality structures
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34
Q

Describe the ID

A
  • Pleasure principle
  • present from birth
  • ignores laws and social conventions
  • fully unconcious
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35
Q

Describe the EGO

A
  • Reality principle
  • develops in the first year of life
  • tries to delay gratification of ID
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36
Q

Describe the SUPEREGO

A
  • Morality principle
  • 3-5 years old
  • high standards of behaviour
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37
Q

Describe Freud’s theory to behaviour based on conflicts

A

It is based on internal conflicts of the the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO

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38
Q

Name the psychosexual stages of development Freud

A

-Oral
-Anal
-Phallic
(Latency Period)
-Genital

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39
Q

Name the drives that affect behaviour (Freud)

A

EROS-life instinct fuelled with libido

THANATOS-death instinct, basic aggressive drive

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40
Q

Describe the ORAL stage (Freud)

A
  • birth-first year
  • pleasure from sucking and biting
  • Sucking=oral eroticism
  • Biting=oral sadism
  • Conflict is weaning
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41
Q

Describe fixations at the ORAL Stage (Freud)

A

Weaned early=frustration so will smoke, talk excessively and is greedy
Weaned late=overindulged so will be optimistic and dependent on interpersonal relationships

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42
Q

Describe fixations at the ANAL stage (Freud)

A

Anally retentive=child didn’t want to make a mess so will be a perfectionist
Anally expulsive=child always ‘let it out’ so will be careless

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43
Q

Describe the ANAL stage (Freud)

A
  • 2-3 years
  • pleasure from contraction and relaxation of muscles that control bowels
  • Anal Eroticism=pleasure from retaining faeces
  • Anal Sadism=pleasure from explusion of faeces
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44
Q

Describe the PHALLIC stage (Freud)

A
  • 4-5 years
  • pleasure from stimulation of privates
  • conflict over masturbation and possessing the opposite sex parent
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45
Q

Describe the Oedipus complex

A
  • boy’s attachment to his mother
  • resentful of father
  • fears father will castrate him
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46
Q

Describe the Electra Complex

A
  • girl’s attachment to her to her father
  • have penis envy
  • resents her mother for not having a penis
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47
Q

Describe the result of fixations at the phallic stage

A

-reckless, vain, fear of intimacy and self-assured

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48
Q

Describe the LATENCY period

A

Libido is dormant and person is occupied by schooling and same-sex making friends

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49
Q

Describe the GENITAL stage

A

-Libido is focused on heterosexual sex

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50
Q

Describe the result of fixations at the GENITAL stage

A

-Pregenital Fixation=incomplete sexual development

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51
Q

Describe the case study of Little Hans

A
  • 5 year old boy with a fear of horses

- Fear of horses associated with his father and fear of castration

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52
Q

Criticisms of Freud

A
  • Overemphasis on sexuality
  • Lack of testability
  • Inadequate evidence
  • Sexism
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53
Q

aim of the dispositional theory of personality

A

-aims to identify the different components of personality that influences behaviours through TESTS, STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

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54
Q

what are traits?

A
  • descriptive statements about personality
  • stable and enduring through time and situations
  • different individuals have different amounts and strength of trait
  • since we can’t observe traits, we make inferences
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55
Q

goals of dispositional strategy

A
  • identify underlying dimensions of personality
  • discover how people differ (measuring)
  • influence and predict behaviour
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56
Q

difference between type and trait

A
  • type of personality=puts person in a box

- trait theory=explains personality on a continuum

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57
Q

how many traits did Allport identify?

A

18,000 human traits which became 160 after removing words that meant the same things and physical words

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58
Q

what are the common traits?

A

shared by members of a culture

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59
Q

what are individual traits

A

unique qualities which may take 3 forms: cardinal trait, central traits and secondary traits

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60
Q

what are Cardinal traits?

A

dominant powerful trait that influences everything in life (not everyone has one)

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61
Q

what are Central traits?

A

‘core’ tendencies that are highly characteristic of an individual. don’t dominate behaviour but are influential (we all have 5-10)

62
Q

what are secondary traits?

A

show up in some situations but not others, all other traits in a person

63
Q

what is factor analysis?

A

correlations/relationships of what personalities go well

64
Q

what is orthogonal method?

A

small number of factors completely unrelated to each other

65
Q

what is the oblique method?

A

gives number of factors that are linked (overlap) used by Cattell

66
Q

describe Cattell’s work into trait theory of personality

A
  • reduced 4.500 words to 35
  • created a personality questionnaire (16PF)
  • SURFACE traits=visible aspects of personality
  • SOURCE traits=underlying personality traits derived from surface traits
67
Q

LQT factors that need to be known to calculate someone’s personality trait

A

LIFE events i.e school/work
QUESTIONNAIRES or interviews
TESTING that is objective

68
Q

what is Esyenck’s theory into personality

A

only 3 traits are needed to determine personality: Extraversion/Inversion
Stable/Unstable (neuroticism)
Psychoticism (self-control)

69
Q

What is Esyenck’s method of measuring Extraversion, Stability and Psychoticism?

A

the EPQ which measures Extraversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism

70
Q

which three theorists were involved in developing the 5 factor model of personality

A

Norman 1963 ->Goldberg 1981 ->Costa and McCrae 1985

71
Q

who developed the most commonly used terms for the 5 factor model of personality

A

Costa and McCrae 1985

72
Q

what are the five traits of the five factor scale

A
  1. OPENNESS
  2. CONSCIOUSNESS
  3. EXTRAVERSION
  4. AGREEABLENESS
  5. NEUROTICISM
73
Q

Who developed the Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis?

A

Goldberg 1990

74
Q

what is the meaning of OPENNESS in the five factor model?

A
  • to experience

- a tendency to ENJOY NEW EXPERIENCES i.e art

75
Q

what is the meaning of the CONCIENTIOUSNESS in the five factor model?

A
  • to be responsible

- being hardworking, reliable, self disciplined

76
Q

what is the meaning of EXTRAVERSION in the five factor model?

A
  • tendency to seek new experiences associated with assertiveness and excitement seeking
  • having a stable mood under most circumstances
77
Q

what is AGREEABLENESS in the five factor model?

A
  • conformity, likeability

- being good-natured, compassionate

78
Q

what is NEUROTICISM in the five factor model?

A
  • experiencing negative emotions

- worrying, anxious, insecure

79
Q

how do we measure the five factor model?

A

NEO-PI-R

NEO Personality Inventory (Revised in 1992)

80
Q

what is a strength of the NEO-PI-R for measuring personality

A
  1. practical way to describe VARIATION in personality in a small number of terms
    2good for measuring personality ACROSS SOCIETIES
81
Q

what is a disadvantage of the NEO-PI-R for measuring personality?

A
  1. doesn’t explain WHY these traits are the best

2. self report technique

82
Q

describe Eysenck’s biological theory of personality

A
  • traits are due to the CNS

- balance between excitation and inhibition processes in the ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System)

83
Q

what is the function of the ARAS? Ascending Reticular Activating System (5 POINTS)

A
  • CORTICAL AROUSAL THEORY OF PERSONALITY
  • maintain optimum level of alertness
  • ENHANCES or DAMPENS incoming stimuli
  • EXTRAVERTS:ARAS inhibits impulses so they SEEK STIMIULATION
  • INTROVERTS:ARAS enhances impulses so they KEEP AWAY FROM STIMULATION
84
Q

What is the supporting evidence for the CORTISOL AROUSAL THEORY OF PERSONALITY by Eysenck

A
  • vigilance tasks:-boring tasks that introverts enjoy but extraverts find boring
  • in life, extraverts constantly SEEK EXCITMENT but introverts enjoy less exciting activities
  • introverts and extroverts require different levels of stimulation to reach the same optimum level of arousal
85
Q

what is link between personality and conditionality?

A
  • INTROVERTS should be easily conditioned as they need LESS STIMULI (however not replicated)
  • NEUROTICSM: high neurotics have reactivity in the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM and react QUICKLY AND STRONGLY to stimuli and TAKE LONGER TO RECOVER
  • PSYCHOTICISM: HIGH LEVELS OF MALE HORMONE (ANDROGEN)=HIGH PSYCHOTICSM
86
Q

What is the link between heredity and personality?

STRENGTHS OF EYSENCK

A

56%-72% of personality is inherited

  • Twin studies: MZ twins raised apart are similar to MZ twins raised together
  • parents had closer personalities to their biological children than adopted children
  • siblings have similar personalities than other children in the same family
87
Q

what is a disadvantage of Eysenck’s theory of bio basis of personality?

A
  • not much evidence for psychoticism

- environmental influences have an effect on personality (40%)

88
Q

who introduced the behavioural approach?

A

JB Watson

89
Q

what is the theory behind the behavioural approach?

A
  • Psychology should only study observable behaviour

- Environment influences behaviour

90
Q

what is Skinner’s theory of behaviourism

A
  • we are all born as a BLANK SLATE and we LEARN to become who we are
  • OPERANT CONDITIONING
91
Q

What is a PREDICTOR of behaviour according to the behaviourist approach?

A

likelihood of rewards or punishments

92
Q

what is the MOTIVATION of personality according to the behaviourist approach?

A

desire to be rewarded

93
Q

what is the DEVELOPMENT of personality according to the behaviourist approach?

A

as we face NEW EXPERIENCES our personality changes

94
Q

why may people act differently in the same situation (according to the Skinner’s behaviourist approach)?

A

UNIQUE histories of operant conditioning

95
Q

what is stability due to in individual behaviours (according to the Skinner’s behaviourist approach)?

A

STABLE RESPONSE TENDENCIES

96
Q

what may be the result of changes in environment (according to the Skinner’s behaviourist approach)?

A

big changes in personality

97
Q

what is the Social Learning Theory?

A

personality is learned through the ENVIRONMENT but also emphasises the role of COGNITIVE ACTIVITY (thoughts and feelings)

98
Q

what is Bandura’s theory of personality?

A
  • OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING develops personality (modelling)
  • RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM: BEHAVIOUR, -ENVIRONMENT AND PERSONAL FACTORS all interact with each other
  • LEARN BY OBSERVING consequence
99
Q

what were the results of the BOBO DOLL study?

A
  • adult attacked BOBO doll and children witnessed in person and on TV vs the CONTROL (adults were nice to BOBO doll)
  • children modelled what they saw the adults did after they saw if they were PUNISHED or REWARDED
100
Q

what are the results fro GRUSEC’S study? 1979

A

children played with toys after being told NOT to when they saw an adult do the same and wasn’t PUNISHED

101
Q

further research into behavioural approach by BANDURA and MISCHEL (1965) into changing ideas

A

children changed their ideas after an adult said the opposite of what they first thought (wait for a bigger sweet, or eat small sweet immediately)

102
Q

what is the Person-Situation Controversy? Mischel

A

there isn’t always a link between the situation and the personality of the person

103
Q

what were the results of Greene and Saxe’s study into

A

when asked, students stated they were HONEST but when asking for an extension on their assignments the LIED and STATED OTHER REASONS to get the best of the situation

104
Q

what is the CROSS SITUATIONAL CONSISTENTLY of personality?

A

the idea that personality remains the same OVER SITUATIONS

105
Q

what is the CROSS TEMPORAL CONSISTENCY of personality?

A

the idea that personality remains the same over time

106
Q

WHAT WAS THE CONSLUSION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SITUATIONS AND TRAITS?

A

when a SITUATION is STRONG and TRAIT IS WEAK, then personality is CHANGED to fit.
when TRAIT IS STRONG, personality may not change depending on the situation

107
Q

what is the HUMANISTIC approach to personality?

A
  • focuses on the POSITIVE drive towards SELF-FULFILMENT by

- PERFECTING OUR SKILLS and finding PEACH AND HAPPINESS

108
Q

what is EXISTENTIALISM?

A
  • PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY and FREE WILL
  • we make out own choices
  • focus on the present (conscious) NOT PAST
109
Q

phenomenology

A

to understand the personality of other, we need to be in their shoes

110
Q

what is MASLOW’s theory of personality?

A
  • he examined people who were living ‘UNUSUALLY AFFECTIVE LIVES’ (making full use of their lives)
  • personality is developed through motivation to reach self-actualisation
111
Q

what is the Hierarchy of Needs

A 
Physiological needs
Safety Needs
Love and Belongingness
Esteem Needs
*Cognitive Needs*
*Aesthetic Needs*
Self-actualisation
112
Q

4 points of determining self-actualisation

A
  1. can you accept uncertainty
  2. enjoy own company
  3. creativity
  4. humility
113
Q

what is Carl Rogers’ theory in the humanistic approach?

A

theory of self concept

  1. Actual self
  2. Real self
  3. Ideal self
114
Q

what is congruence in Rogers’ theory of self concept?

A

CONGRUENCE: match between actual self and real self

A HEALTHY PERSONALITY

115
Q

what is incongruence in Rogers’ theory of self concept?

A

INCONGRUENCE: mismatch between actual self and real self

MAY CAUSE ANXIETY

116
Q

how does the humanistic approach suggest we develop the self?

A

-by having a high positive regard from others
we are LOVED and TRUSTED
-CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD=incongruence
-UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD=congruence

117
Q

how to remove incongruence

A
  • Client Centred Therapy
  • regardless of what clients say, therapist should give UNCONTIONAL POSITIVE RESPONSE
  • Q SORT TEST: how to find out if you are incongruent
118
Q

what is the cognitive approach to personality?

A

a person’s thoughts, observations and knowledge influences personality and behaviour

119
Q

what is the PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY by George Kelly

A
  • behaviour depends on how we process and understand information
  • we can predict and control events that happen
120
Q

Constructive Alternativism

A
  • there are multiple ways to view the world.

- we are all scientists

121
Q

what are the steps of Constructive Aleternativism

A

in every situation we:

  1. construct a THEORY
  2. make a PREDICTION(HYPOTHESIS)
  3. put the theory TO THE TEST
  4. find the RESULT
122
Q

WHAT ARE CONSTRUCTS?

A
  • words we use to describe people
  • we add more info every time find out more
  • put order in our lives
  • constructs have 2 ends (good and bad)
  • our different behaviours come from having different constructs to others
123
Q

how do we learn from our mistake using constructs?

A

CORE CONSTRUCTS: most basic to a person’s functioning (barely changes, only if needs major changing)
PERIPHERAL CONSTRUCTS: less basic and can be altered

124
Q

how do we examine a person’s construct?

A

ROLE CONSTRUCT REPERTORY TEST (REP TEST)

  1. develop a list of persons most important in their life
  2. compare the people that are written down (similarities and differences)
125
Q

the more constructs a person has…

A

the more complex the person

126
Q

the more complex our construct system is…

A

the more we can learn

127
Q

how do constructs influence our behaviour?

A

we put our constructs to the test which motivates our behaviour

128
Q

who developed the LOC theory?

A

Rotter

129
Q

what is the LOC theory of personality?

A

Locus of Control
Internal LOC: outcomes of life is based on ourselves
External LOC: outcomes of life is based on environment
Internal LOC is better BUT when something bad happens External LOC is better

130
Q

how to measure LOC

A

uses a questionnaire that measure how responsible people are in certain situations

131
Q

does LOC affect how we behave?

A
  • INTERNALS LOC learn quicker

- EXTERNAS: less effective coping skills; more likely to develop psychological disorders (belief of no control)

132
Q

Tornado Warning theory

A

Sims and Baumann 1972

-people that didn’t evacuate their house were externals as they thought they have no impact on outcome of tornado

133
Q

LOC and academic success

A

INTERNALS get higher grades as they know they are RESPONSIBLE for outcome

134
Q

LOC and health

A

EXTERNALS don’t make much progress as they feel it doesn’t matter what they do, health will remain unchanged.
INTERNALS: more likely to seek out information and take preventative steps

135
Q

Bandura Self Efficacy

A

a person’s perceived expectation of success
-our belief on our ability to perform
High Self Efficacy=high performance
High self-efficacy=more likely to give up smoking etc therefore better health

136
Q

reciprocal determinism in the role of Self efficacy

A

our PERSONAL FACTORS influence our BEHAVIOUR and ENVIRONEMENT and vice versa

137
Q

what influences self efficacy

A
  1. MASTERY EXPERIENCES: achieved in the past?
  2. VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES: other people’s behaviours
  3. VERBAL PERSUASION: encouraged by people
  4. EMOTIONAL AROUSAL: feelings about decisions
138
Q

how does LOC develop?

A
  • parents allow children to MAKE MISTAKES and therefore TAKE RESPONSIBILITY for their actions
  • (children from disadvantaged homes are more external than middle-class children)
139
Q

4 ways of applying personality

A
  • HEALTH
  • OCCUPATIONAL
  • CLINICAL
  • CRIMINOLOGY
140
Q

who do clinical psychologist work with?

A

people with psychological disorders

-depression/anxiety

141
Q

how do clinical psychologists carry out their assessments?

A
  1. what is the individual like

2. method of therapy that at be useful

142
Q

what techniques do clinical psychologists use?

A
  1. SELF-REPORT TECHNIQUES
  2. PSYCHOANALYSIS (dream interpretation)
  3. COUNSELLING (Client Centred Therapy)
  4. CBT (REP test for personal construct; Kelley’s fixed role therapy; I-E scale for LOC; Bandura’s self-efficacy
143
Q

what is occupational psychology?

A

match people based on their personality traits and how they would fit to appropriate environments (education, social and occupational)

144
Q

what are personality tests used to determine in occupational psychology?

A
  • career choice
  • promotions
  • job selections
  • motivation leadership and employee honesty
145
Q

what tests may be used for occupational assessments?

A

NEO-PI-R
16PF
Honesty/Aggressiveness scales
EPQ

146
Q

what is the health psychology

A

finding out the relationship between PSYCHOLOIGCAL VARIABLES, BEHAVIOURS and HEALTH CONSEQUENCES

147
Q

what is DISEASE PRONE personality in health psychology

A

personality that leads to unhealthy behaviours that may lead to disease

148
Q

what are the variables is psychology that are linked to health?

A
  1. LOC=internal LOC=better health
  2. Self efficacy=high SE=better health
  3. Type A and Type B personalities:-Type A=aggressive, impatient, controlling
    Type B=relaxed, patient
149
Q

what did Friedman and Rosenmann find out about people with TYPE A personality?

A

they were 6 times more likely to have a heart attack than type b as they create MORE STRESS and therefore have POORER HEALTH HABITS

150
Q

what is criminological psychology

A

finding out if criminals have different personalities

151
Q

what did LEE 1997 find out about unexpected criminals and violent murderers vs non-violent criminals

A
  1. unexpected murderers were generally shy but their crime scene was violent
  2. violent murderers were aggressive but their crime scene wasn’t
152
Q

what does LEE 1997 research suggest about what we can use psychology for?

A

crime scenes can help to predict the type of criminals

Year 1 BSc Psychology (10 decks)

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