Developmental 6-10 Flashcards
what is fluid intelligence?
thinking on the spot (being able to navigate your way around the world)
what is crystalized intelligence
factual knowledge (being book smart)
name the aspects of the three-stratum theory of intelligence (Carroll, 1993)
- fluid intelligence
- crystalized intelligence
- general memory and learning
- broad visual perception
- broad auditory perception
- broad retrieval ability
- broad cognitive speed
- processing speed
name the parts of Gardner’s model of intelligence (1993)
- Linguistic language and communication
- Logical understanding
- Spatial ability
- Musical talent
- Natural intelligence
- Body/kinasthetic (physical&feeling)
- Intra-personal own emotions
- Inter-personal-other’s emotions
name the parts of Stienberg’s Triarchic Theory of intelligence
- Analytical Intelligence (information processing)
- Creative Intelligence (novel problem solving)
- Practical Intelligence (applying intelligence in everyday skills)
(all interact with each other)
what is emotional intelligence according to Goleman (1996)
Recognising, understanding and managing our emotions and others’
why is emotional intelligence important in leadership?
-self-awareness
-self regulation
-motivation
-empathy
-social skills
(important for fostering effective working relationships)
ways of measuring intelligence
- Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC)
- Home observations
what aspects are assessed in a home observations (intelligence)
-emotional and verbal responsibility
what do IQ scores predict?
- academic success
- economic success
- occupational success
what is the flynn effect?
the rise in IQ from the 1942 to 1980
-occurred because people started going back to school after the war ended
how does schooling affect self-esteem
children that struggled to read would find it hard to access the curriculum and may not excel at school
what factors motivate children to learn?
- short term goals
- learning should be fun
- competition (especially for boys)
- interest and relevance
- tangible rewards
- parental recognition
describe cultural differences in describing intelligence
-Caucasian women:
cognitive skills
-Cambodian, Filipino, Vietnamese and Mexican women: motivation, self-control, self-management and social skills (non-cognitive)
what were the parenting styles that were identified in the book ‘Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother’?
- harsh
- tiger
- supportive
- easy going
how is Bandura’s theory of Self-efficacy related to intelligence?
- people with high self-efficacy are motivated to learn and more likely to have high intelligence levels
- it is an intrinsic factor but may be enhanced by positive peer relationships
- achievement motivation requires an individual to persist at a certain task in order to succeed
what are risk factors associated with having low IQ?
- low family income
- parental imprisonment and anti-social behaviour
what is ‘Head Start’ in relation to improving intelligence?
- aimed at personal and social development of young people
- initially designed to improve academic success in schools and ultimately improve their success in life
define adolescence
- period of transition from childhood to adulthood (development of sexual, psychological and economic maturity)
- usually 10-19 years
early adolescence
10-14 years
late adolescence
15-19 years
define puberty
- reaching sexual maturity and being capable of bringing a child into the world
- marked by physical changes
what are the developmental themes identified by Steinberg (2014) in Adolescene
- Identity
- Sexuality
- Intimacy
- Autonomy
- Achievement
what are the issues with identity in Adolescene
the time to think about WHO YOU ARE, what you BELIEVE IN, how you FIT INTO THE WORLD AROUND YOU
what are issues concerning self-control in adolescence?
-teenagers gain more independence from their parents but with this comes responsibility
what are three areas of concern with adolescence?
- conflict with parents(asserting independence)
- mood swings(natural high & lows/pressure)
- risk-taking behaviour (optimistic bias)
what are the reasons for general moodiness in adolescence
- weak link between hormonal and neurological changes and moodiness in adolescence
- physical appearance matures
- increased need for sleep
- changes of expectations of others
what are risk factors in adolescence?
- friends
- social activities
- genetics
- environment
- lack of engagement in school
what is optimistic bias?
having the notion that something bad won’t happen to you
what is the Health Paradox in adolescence?
healthiest and most resilient period of the life span BUT morbidity and mortality rates are 200-300% higher in this period due to POOR HEALTH HABITS, DRUGS, DEPRESSION
What are 2 neural changes in neural function during Adolescence?
- SYNAPTIC PRUNING-cutting down of neural connections that were achieved in childhood
- INCREASED MYELINATION-increases communication speed of neurons
what are the primary causes of death/disability in adolescence
problems with control of behaviour and emotions
increasing rates of accidents, suicide, depression, alcohol, substance use, violence, sensation seeking and erratic behaviours
how do adolescents gain their adult status?
- developing self-control of behaviours and emotions
- involves neurobehavioural systems in the pre-frontal cortex (one of the last parts of the brain to fully mature)
- self-regulation in adolescence is a predictor of greater academic success and involves high self-efficacy
what is early puberty?
several years with a sexually mature body and sexually-activated brain circuits
what is the average age for a girl to begin menstruation
12.5 years
adolescent processing of emotion
brain activity is high in the amygdala (involved in emotions)/ brain activity is low in the frontal lobe
what is the separation of juveniles from non-offenders?
self-control and neuropsychological and biological factors
what are some problems in adolescence (internal factors)
-temperament
-school progress
-low impulse control
-optimistic bias
(see as mainly characteristics of males)
-depression (mainly females, 14 and over)
what are some problems in adolescence (external factors)
- parenting styles
- influence of friends
what parenting styles were established by Baumrind, 1978 and what kind of children comes from these parents (external factors in adolescence)
- authoritative:self reliance and self-control children
- authoritarian:less socially skilled children
- indulgent:less mature children
- neglectful:more impulsive children
what are some problems in adolescence (external factors)
Influence of friends
- friends are SIMILAR in their risk-taking behaviour
- socialised delinquents=close friendships in their groups
- unsocialised delinquents=people act alone
- victims=likely to get depression (13-15 vulnearable)
why is employment in adolescence a problem? (external factor)
- negative correlation between hours at work and school grades
- an association between long hours at work and substance abuse and anti-social bahaviours
what is a problem of unstructured and unsupervised adolescents?
- the assumption that children (15-18) can be left unsupervised
- parental unavailability, poor working conditions, limited support networks - INCREASES UNSUPERVISED TIME
- But parental presence REDUCES RISKS
features of a role model for adolescencts (5)
- passion and ability to improve
- clear set values
- commitment to communities
- selflessness and acceptance
- ability to overcome obstacles
what are some positive factors in adolescence
- quality of life
- aspirations
- youth organisations
- community service
- extra-curricular activities
- sport (develops friendships and teamwork)
what is the impact of technology in adolescence?
- 92% of adolescents go online everyday
- internet has replaced family members when adolescents require information
what is the impact of being close to grandparents in adolescence?
positive association with being close with grandparents and reduction of stress and greater resilience
what is the influence of family meals on adolescents
- enhances health and wellbeing
- reduces risk factors of adolescents
- provides structure, stability and communication
what are 4 positive attributes that can reduce the development of metabolic syndromes
-positive affect(positive emotions)
-optimism
-social status
-self-esteem
(social aspects but may protect from physical harm)
teratogens (early development)
environmental agents causing harm to an unborn child
examples of some teratogens
- radiation
- environmental pollution
- condition of mother (stress,nutrition,disease)
- drugs
- tobacco
- alcohol
what is failure to thrive of weight faltering
- being unable to gain, grow or maintain weight during infancy
- it is non-organic=cannot be traced back to any physical or medical conditions
- infant experiences cold/unresponsive care from the mother
what is a pre-term baby
babies born before their due date (maybe unable to overcome risks)
what is a low-birth weight baby
where maternal care during pregnancy wasn’t adequate (associated with academic and social maturity problems)
implications of low-birth weight
-heart disease
-diabetes
(which occur years later)
implications of excess weight
maternal high-fat diets increased the body size of he 3rd generation female, though the gene was transmitted through the paternal line
what are the effects of extreme deprivation?
- affects brain growth
- lack of stimulation and nutrition (leads to stunted growth)
what is extreme deprivation of children?
being excluded from mainstream society
what are the effects of extreme deprivation?
psychosocial dwarfism
- growth disorder that appears at 2-15 years
- due to decreased growth hormone secretion and immature skeletal age
- usually have adjustment problems
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- caused by a lack of oxygen to developing cells
- causes distinctive facial and physical feature
- associated with SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT, INAPPROPRIATE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR and LONG LASTING MENTAL-HEALTH PROBLEMS
What are the strongest predictors of complications during pregnancy (in teenagers and older women)
- poor mental health
- environmental risks (stress/poverty)
What are the findings from research into the ‘biology of a cuddle’
- skin contact reduces stress (humans are sensitive to touch)
- reduces repetitive behaviours in people with ASD and Asergers’ Syndrome (side effects=obesity)
- oxytocin=lowers heart rate and cholesterol, increases trust and maternal behaviour and reduces conflict
- children nurtured in infancy have more efficient brain circuitry for dealing with stress
what did more studies into the biology of a cuddle find?
- Harlow=monkeys chose comfort over the food
- Shivley=dejection led to structural changes in the brain (amygdala smaller by 12%)
what are the characteristics of ‘better’ home environments?
safe, structured and nurturing
what type of children come out of ‘batter’ home environments?
emotionally rich children with improved IQ
What is Hygge?
cosiness, wellbeing
what is secure readiness to learn?
a child having an attachment and adequate diet and care
what factors are checked in home screenings?
- feeding
- general health
- personal/home hygiene
- safety
- family relationships/responsiveness
- child’s responsibility
- guidance and control
- community
- warmth (body temperature)
what could the effects of poverty on mental health
-lack of assets
-more vulnerable
-dysfunctional relationships
-low self esteem
-lack of hope
(may be a two way interaction=one may affect the other)
what are 7 behaviours that are associated with longevity?
- 7/8 hours of sleep
- no smoking
- eating breakfast daily
- rarely eating in-between meals
- being at or near prescribed weight
- moderate-no alochol use
- regular exercise
effects of behavioural changes
- physical activity=good health outcomes
- social disparity and stress=affected by LOC
- wearing seatbelts
- not smoking or drink driving
developmental plasticity
reversing the negative effects and reinforcing positive effects
positive effects of nature
- reduction in ADHD
- reduction in indoor activities
- reduction o vandalism
- increase in meeting people in green spaces
- improvement in discipline in children whose homes have views of trees
- better recovery rates in hospitals with views of gardens
what is the nature assumption
role of peers and parenting styles have effects that are PROFOUND and LASTING
what is temperament?
stable, primarily biological based individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
two sections of emotions
basic=simple and innate
complex=self-conscious emotions
how does emotional self-regulation develop
occurs as the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex develop and carers assist the infants in acquiring self-regulatory strategies (encouraging different experiences)
what is the functionalist approach to emotional behaviour?
emotions are ‘central, adaptive forces in all aspects of human activity’ including cognitive processing, social behaviour and physical health
what is emotional self regulation
- developing voluntary control over your emotions
- ability to manage disruptive emotions and impulses and behave according to situations
what is ‘effortful control’ in emotional self-regulation
suppressing certain responses in order to behave in a more appropriate way
describe Ekman’s theory into emotional development
- emotions develop from basic to complex
- happiness strengths the emotional bond
- anger and fear develop as infants evaluate the world
- sadness=pain
- complex emotions=self-consciousness (shame=feeling inadequate; guilt=good adjustment)
what is temperament
-individual differences in personality and neural function
types:easy going, calm, cheerful, active, reactive, angry
thought to remain stable over time
Rothbart’s approach to explaining temperament
- individual difference in reactivity and self-regulation
- biological so develops through maturation
Buss and Plomin’s approach to explaining temperament
- biologically based ‘set of inherited personality traits’ appear early and are genetic in origin
- differentiate between the earliest emotions (infancy) and complex (by 3 years old)
- development varies between people based on environmental forces and events
- difficulties are hard for parents to handle
what is the as EAS Model by Buss and Plomin (temperament)
Emotionality-child’s emotional reactions
Activity-energy levels
Sociability-enjoyment of interaction with others
Thomas and Chess’ ORIGINAL approach to explaining temperament
temperaments included: -easy=40% children -difficult=10% children -slow to warm up=15% children 35% didn't fit any category
Thomas and Chess’ ‘Goodness to Fit’ model of temperament
- creating an appropriate environment for child’s temperament
- encouraging adaptive functioning if a chld displays negative behaviour
- temperament works with environmental factors to influence later development
- parenting styles need to crete a ‘good fit’ with child’s temperament
Goldsmith’s approach to explaining temperament
- individual differences in the expression of primary emotions
- begins with early emotions then becomes a continuum of personal to relational emotions
- social interaction causes difficulties
measuring temperament
- interviews/questionnaires for parents and carers
- behaviour ratings by professionals
- observing behaviours
- temperament testing tasks (waiting or refusing activities for child)
stability of temperament
-responses are similar over time and new/different situations
what is the stability vs plasticity debate of temperament
children with a particular temperament will remain the same over time
i.e social child=social adult
how is temperament a predictor of behaviour
- temperament may predict poor emotional self-regulation and conduct disorder(antisocial behaviour)
- cortisol levels are higher in shy children rather than sociable children
role of self-efficacy in temperament
- being motivated to achieve goals
- ability to react in a manner that is appropriate for the situation
what is a learning disability?
- impairment of intellectual functioning (IQ blow 70)
- impairment of adaptive/social functioning
- occurs before 18
- may be mild, moderate or severe
6 genetically caused disorders
-Downs Syndrome
-Williams Sydrome
Prader Willi Syndrome
-Fragile X Syndrome
-Rett Disorder
-Angelman Syndrome
Down’s Syndrome characteristics (Trisomy 21)
6 points
- extra copy of Chromosome 21
- IQ usually below 50
- distinctive facial features
- broad hands, short fingers, furrowed tongue
- can suffer from heart problems
- appear to age rapidly (high mortality after 40)
Fragile X Syndrome characteristics
4 points
- Chromosome X is weak, bent or broken
- mild to moderate learning disabilities
- elongated face, prominent ears
- rare disorder (0.08-0.04% of births)
Prader Willi Syndrome characteristics (4 points)
- seven genes on chromosome 15 are deleted or unexpressed
- decreased muscle tome (hypotonia), poor reflexes, muscles not fully relaxed
- short in stature, incomplete sexual development, involuntary urge to eat (leads to obesity)
- learning difficulties
Williams Syndrome characterisitics
7 points
- deletions on chromosome 7
- can be detected early through failure to thrive, production of too much calcium (hypercalcemia) and cardiovascular diseases
- facial features: upturned nose, large ears, thin upper lip, small chin
- hypotonia (poor muscle tone at birth)
- hypsersociability= friendly towards anyone, including strangers
- good face recognition and linguistic abilities
- poor emotional recognition and spatial skills
Autism characterisitics (4 points)
- social difficulties (imaginative)
- communication difficulties (facial expressions)
- rigidity of thought (love rountines and special interests)
- low IQ
Asperger’s Syndrome characteristics
3 points
- form of Autism
- often average of above average IQ
- social, communication and rigidity of thought to varying degrees
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome charcaterisitics
7 points
- caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy
- CNS damage
- slowed growth
- low IQ
- distinct facial features
- attention deficits, poor impulse control, behavioural problems
- health problems
what is Pica (5 points)
- ingestion of inedible substances (like hair, insects) which may persist for more than a month at a developmentally appropriate age
- at risk of intestinal obstruction, stomach tearing and lead poisoning
- begins in infancy and continues
- may stop on its own or with improved environmental situations
- for people with learning disabilities, it may last into adolescence
depression in childhood
6 points
- sadness, hopelessness, irritability, loss of interest/pleasure
- difficulty concentrating, making decisions and memory
- thought of death/suicide
- changes in appetite and sleep
- less than 1% of children; 17-25% of adolescents
- 3rd leading cause of death in 10-18 year olds
anxiety (5 points)
- separation anxiety, phobias, OCD, panic attacks
- among the most prevalent forms of psychopathology in adolescents
- could develop into adulthood
- causes risk for other disorders (persistent depression)
5, interferes with adaptve functioning
difficulties with disorders in childhood (5 POINTS)
- medication (the Ritalin debate=medications were given too regularly)
- labels/stigma
- caregiving is important
- long waiting lists (charities, NHS, agencies)
- consent for medications is difficult for children
ADHD (2 points)
- inattention (being distracted, poorly organised)
- hyperactivity=being impulsive
- often used as an explanation for behaviours but there is over-diagnosis in the USA
Conduct Disorder (3 points)
- a repetitive behaviour which goes against the social norms
- aggressive conduct=that causes or threatens physical harm to others
- non-aggressive conduct=causing property loss or damage
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- a pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient and hostile behaviour towards authority figures that last more than 6 months
- often looses temper, argues with adults, refuses to comply, annoys people deliberately, blames others
what is pet therapy
a successful method of therapy which improves the quality of life for people with learning disabilities
