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Sociological Perspectives > Soci 210 - General Mid-Term Review > Flashcards

Soci 210 - General Mid-Term Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three focuses of Sociology?

A

-Social Inequality
- Social institutions
-Primary institutions in Canadian society: family, education, religion, economy, and government
-Norms, values and rules of conduct
-Social Change

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2
Q

What are the three core aims of sociology?

A
  • To see general themes in everyday life
  • To critically assess what seems to be familiar/common sense
  • To examine how individuals both shape society and are shaped by society
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3
Q

What is Sociological imagination by C. Wright Mills?

A
  • Core of sociology
  • Ability to see connections between individual lives and larger society
  • Individuals are only able to understand their own lives by understanding the larger
    history of society
    • Can then see relationships between personal troubles and larger social issues
      * Personal troubles: occur within character of individual/have to do with the self
      * Social issues: transcend the individual/are public matters
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4
Q

What were Émile Durkheim’s main contributions?

A
  • Coherence of human societies
  • Focus is on social facts
    * Facts must be studied as ‘things’; as realities/elements of society that are beyond the individual
  • Society cannot be understood as sum of its parts
    * This whole (of society) is different in kind and greater than a sum of parts
    * Individual is to society as a cell is to the organism of which it is a part
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5
Q

What is Durkheim’s Social solidarity:

A

bond between individuals in society, based on division of labour

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6
Q

What is Durkheim’s Mechanical solidarity:

A

exists when individuals resemble one another; small-scale, rural society

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7
Q

What is Durkheim’s Organic solidarity:

A

exists when individuals are different and work is separated into variety of specialized tasks where every person has role to play in larger whole; large-scale, urban society

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8
Q

What is Durkheim’s Anomie:

A

moral confusion and alienation; can arise from sudden shifts from
mechanical to organic solidarity

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9
Q

What is Durkheim’s Collective conscience:

A

shared worldview/culture; connects people; passed down through generations
* Still have individual conscience

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10
Q

What are the basics of Durkheim’s Suicide study?

A

If suicide is a fundamentally private act, how can we explain that some groups
experience higher rates of suicide? Difference in suicide rates across groups can only be explained by ‘social facts’

  • Checked country’s with religious differences (catholic vs protestant)
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11
Q

What are Durkheim’s four types of suicide?

A
  • Egoistic: low levels of integration/cohesion (social outcast)
  • Altruistic: high levels of integration/cohesion (mass suicide of cult members)
  • Anomic: excessively low levels of regulation (normlessness; no meaning and
    connection)
  • Fatalistic: excessively high levels of regulation (life totally controlled by another;
    suicide as way to escape this)
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12
Q

What was Karl Marx’s main focus on society? (and the two social groups he describes)

A
  • Core struggle in all societies is the struggle between social classes
    * Bourgeoisie: those who own the means of production and property; live on the
    surplus value of the proletariat (oppressors/exploiters)
    * Proletariat: working class; those who do not own the means of production nor
    property; only have their own labour to sell (oppressed/exploited)
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13
Q

According to Marx, why do classes struggle?

A
  • Struggles exist because classes have contradictory interests
    • Struggle primarily defined by battle over surplus value of labour
      * Bourgeoisie want to keep wages low so as to increase surplus value
      * Proletariat want to increase their wages
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14
Q

What is Alienation according to Marx

A

Proletariat is alienated from the control of the labour production process, the product of their labour, other human beings, and thus themselves

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15
Q

What is Ideology according to Marx

A

class interests of those in power presented as universal values
* Produced and reproduced by powerful institutions: school, family, religion
* Oppressed tend to accept the moral views of their oppressors
* Through coercion and/or because Proletariat class does not own means of
production so they cannot formulate/circulate their own ideologies
* ‘False consciousness’ “way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation.”

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16
Q

What is Class consciousness according to Marx

A

awareness of shared class interests; necessary for a revolution
of the Proletariat/away from capitalism; allows class to become a ‘class for itself’
(unions)

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17
Q

What did Max Weber believe the task of sociology is?

A

Task of sociology is to determine how patterns form and how structures emerge

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18
Q

What are Social acts: according to Weber

A

acts with a purpose that have an impact on how people behave; society is a sum of all social acts

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19
Q

What are Weber’s four types of social acts?

A
  • Rational: motivated by calculation
  • Value-rational: motivated by moral considerations
  • Traditional: motivated by custom
  • Affectual: motivated by emotion
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20
Q

What is Verstehen according to Weber?

A

deep understanding/comprehension
* Process of imagining self in the position of someone else
* Understanding is not necessarily about finding the ‘truth’, as information and the
tools we gather information with are full of subjectivities

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21
Q

What is Rationalization according to Weber?

A

everyday life becoming more orderly and calculated (ex. charts for children)
* Rise of bureaucracies, codified rules, hierarchies, idea of efficiency
* Rationalization as an ‘iron cage’ that traps individuals in systems of efficiency,
rational calculation, and control

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22
Q

What did W.E.B. Du Bois study?

A
  • Race and racism as structural forces that shape life chances and identities
  • ‘Colour line’ as the problem of the 20th century
    * Deprivation of education, jobs, and other opportunities for black individuals
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23
Q

What is The vail according to Du Bois?

A

division between black and white Americans; white people do not see
black people as true Americans; this in turn impacts how black people see
themselves

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24
Q

What is Double consciousness according to Du Bois?

A

internal division; navigation of black identity in white- dominated society

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25
Q

What was Harriet Martineau’s opinion on society?

A
  • Society should be judged and understood by its treatment of its least powerful
    groups
  • Need social reform to create more equal/just society
  • Tensions between moral values and social structures/institutions create the
    conditions necessary for social reform
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26
Q

What is Structural functionalism?

A

Macro perspective

  • Focus is on how social patterns contribute to the maintenance of equilibrium,
    harmony, stability, consensus
  • Organs in body working together
  • Something can be bad for an individual while simultaneously serving society as a
    whole
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27
Q

What is Structural functionalism according to Talcott Parsons?

A
  • 4 basic functions needed for social systems to persist
    • Adaptation: sufficient resources
    • Goal attainment: setting and implementing goals
    • Integration: coordination and solidarity between subunits of system
    • Latency: creating, preserving, and transmitting culture and values
  • Functions of the nuclear family: educational, economic, reproductive, sexual
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28
Q

What is Conflict theory?

A

Macro perspective

  • Focus is on power inequalities, domination, competition over limited resources
  • Role of conflict in creating social change
  • Social institutions emerge from the struggles between groups; social institutions are
    designed to reinforce existing inequalities
  • Marx
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29
Q

What is Symbolic interactionism?

A

Micro-level theory

  • Focus is on the individual/small groups; identities, attitudes, values, group
    interactions
  • People ascribe meaning to their interactions
  • Symbols (words, gestures, artifacts) have meaning
  • People react to these meanings based on interactive process; subjective
    interpretation of situations
  • Reality is constructed
  • Charles Cooley, George Herbert Mead, Herbert George Blumer, Erving Goffman
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30
Q

What is the Scientific method?

A
  • Application of scientific logic and objectivity; work outside of own political and social agendas
  • Hypothesis testing: focus on finding generalizable results
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31
Q

What are the Three components of scientific method?

A
  • Reliability: likelihood research results can be replicated (if study were to be
    repeated; if study were to be conducted on different population)
  • Accuracy: proper/reliable methods and tools utilized
  • Validity: how well the study designed what it is intended to
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32
Q

What are the Criticisms of scientific method?

A

no knowledge can be treated as purely objective;

all knowledge is created in the context of existing power structures;

social relationships influence research (networks of scholars, hierarchies, funding)

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33
Q

What is Random sampling?

A

everyone in the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for the study

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34
Q

What is Convenience sampling?

A

the researchers’ friends

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35
Q

What is Snowball sampling?

A

introduced to participants by other participants

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36
Q

What is Theoretical sampling?

A

adding different data sources as you go through research process to further your data collection based on your initial findings

Clarification: targeted inquiries into relevant areas and conducting comparative analysis across different groups or field settings to build variation and complexity into the analysis

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37
Q

What are Surveys?

A

large samples allow for generalizability of findings; often lack depth and flexibility

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38
Q

What are Interviews?

A

detailed information from smaller groups; allows access to generally
excluded populations that surveys do not reach; problem of reactivity

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39
Q

What are Focus groups?

A

analysis of nature of interaction and how collective opinions develop; problem of reactivity

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40
Q

What is Ethnography?

A

observe group and how they understand themselves; detailed, complex, focus on context; issue of generalizability and reactivity

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41
Q

What is case study?

A

in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

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42
Q

What is an Experiment?

A

conditions are controlled; allows for isolation of different variables of
interest; very difficult to do in sociology

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43
Q

What are Strategies of secondary data analysis?

A
  • Content analysis, discourse analysis, historical analysis
  • Examining policy, protocols, reports, media

No reactivity; but data is pre-existing/data was not created with the research
question in mind

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44
Q

What is an issue of people studying people?

A
  • Issue of reactivity and power
  • Researchers need to be wary of personal bias in interactions with subjects and of
    their own power/power relations
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45
Q

What is Confirmation bias? (with people studying people)

A

looking for a particular answer; researcher projects expectations into what they are seeing and ignores what does not fit their expectations/hypothesis

46
Q

What is Triangulation of data is important based on?

A

unequal power relationships

  • Confirming findings with multiple methods
  • Ideally, should combine interviews, observations, statistical data, secondary
    analysis (of course, this is not always possible)
47
Q

What is Socialization?

A
  • Process of learning to live in society; process through which we learn about culture (norms, beliefs, values, expected behaviours); helps us interact with others and develop a sense of self
  • Ongoing, lifelong, interactive process
48
Q

Even most basic interactions and most intimate experiences/emotions are
influenced by socialization.

Explain Goffman and Loftland’s explanation?

A
  • Goffman’s (2008) civil inattention: learn to avoid direct/long periods of eye
    contact in public to maintain sense of personal privacy and thus maintain order
  • Lofland’s (1985) The Social Shaping of Emotion: social arrangements, culture, history shape experience of grief and thus feelings of grief
49
Q

What is socialization tied to? (Include Anderson Example)

A
  • Tied to power and class; different classes teach their children different values
  • Anderson’s (2009) Code of the Street: children socialized into violence as the respect that is gained is a valuable form of social capital in inner city neighbourhoods; learn this through socialization with other children and from families/parents
50
Q

What is the Conflict perspective of socialization?

A
  • Socialization reproduces inequalities and maintains divisions
  • Teaches us to be ‘normal’ and pathologizes anything that is deemed abnormal
51
Q

What is Primary socialization?

A

early childhood, family plays an essential role, learn the most basic things/unwritten rules of society; most of what we learn here is not explicitly taught, but is rather learned through observation and imitation

52
Q

What is Secondary socialization?

A

occurs throughout life, different groups involved, learn appropriate behaviours in new social settings and in subcultures; behaviour is altered to fit into new groups/new behaviours are learned

53
Q

What is Anticipatory socialization?

A

Rehearsal of potential roles you may take on in future; rehearsing and readying ourselves for responsibilities

54
Q

What is Resocialization?

A

take on new roles and discard old roles; can be voluntary (moving
to a different country) or involuntary (being fired from your job)

55
Q

What are Major agents of socialization?

A

family, school, peer groups, work, media

56
Q

What are Primary groups of socialization?

A

small groups, face-to-face interactions, strong ties

57
Q

What are Secondary groups of socialization?

A

interactions are more impersonal and limited

58
Q

What are Large secondary groups of socialization?

A

anonymity, greater freedom

59
Q

What are reference groups in socialization?

A

used to define how you want to fit into society

60
Q

What are In groups/out groups in socialization?

A

establish solidarity; potential for conflict

61
Q

What is Status? (Ascribed vs Achieved)

A

social position relative to others
* Ascribed: assigned sex at birth
* Achieved: becoming a lawyer

62
Q

What is a role? (And role strain)

A

expected behaviours associated with status
* Possibility of role strain/conflict when two roles collide
* Ex: expectation of being a ruthless lawyer and a nurturing mother

63
Q

What is george herbert mead on role taking?

A

“taking the other’s role” to describe the way people perceive themselves concerning others.

  • In reference to childhood
    - In stages
64
Q

What is George Herbert Mead’s Preparatory stage?

A

learn to use language and symbols through simple imitation/mimicking; do not know why you are doing what you are doing (baby smiling back
at you)

65
Q

What is George Herbert Mead’s Role Playing?

A

more sophisticated type of imitation where you take on the role of others that you see in your life (playing ‘house’ as a child)

66
Q

What is George Herbert Mead’s Social Games?

A

games with rules to follow, require the projection of your own role
and the imagination of other people’s roles (playing a sport)

67
Q

What is George Herbert Mead’s Other generality

A

how we appear to others generally rather than to a specific other
(like our parents); taking on the perspective of people you do not know well or at all

68
Q

What is the Looking glass self (Charles Cooley)?

A
  • Other people act as a mirror to help us understand ourselves; self-awareness and
    self-image is a product of social experience and our interpretation of interactions
    with others
  • Social self
69
Q

What are the three stages of the Looking glass self (Charles Cooley)?

A
  • 3 stages:
  • Imagine how you appear to the other person
  • Imagine the other person’s judgment
  • React and adapt to this perceived judgment
70
Q

What is the Dramaturgical approach (Erving Goffman)

A
  • Individuals strive to create/maintain a particular, positive image of the self
  • Daily interactions are like putting on a play/a constant performance
  • Front stage: actions/behaviours that are visible to an audience; part of a
    performance
  • Back stage: actions/behaviours that occur when there is no audience; preparing
    oneself for the performance
71
Q

What is Doxa (Pierre Bourdieu)?

A
  • Derives from socialization; daily rituals
  • Common sense beliefs that we do not reflect upon; things that are taken for
    granted; unquestioned truths
  • Doxa is the ‘whole reality’
  • Power relations and hierarchies are naturalized and legitimized
72
Q

What is Deviance?

A
  • Any act that breaks accepted social standard
  • Deviant acts are not always ‘unusual’ (jaywalking)
  • Perception of deviance depends on its perceived harm and degree of public
    agreement of its seriousness
73
Q

What is Social constructionism (Berger & Luckmann)? (What it’s based on)

A
  • Based on symbolic interactionist perspective
  • Knowledge production as an interactive effort; knowledge is created, maintained,
    and reinforced by social interactions
  • This created knowledge is seen as natural/unchanging; forget the social origins of
    categories/classifications
  • Social construction of deviance:
    * Nothing natural about what is considered deviant
    * Norms change over time and are different across cultures
74
Q

What is Durkheim’s theory of deviance?

A
  • Crime and deviance are necessary, functional, and good for society
  • 4 basic functions of deviance:
    • Affirms cultural values and norms
    • Helps people understand what is right and wrong; reaffirms social boundaries
    • Unites individuals in society; increases social solidarity
    • Enables/encourages social change
75
Q

What is Merton (Strain theory) theory of deviance?

A
  • Mismatch between normative goals and institutionalized means for attaining them
  • Opportunities to obtain material success are not equally distributed
  • Individuals seek alternative means to achieve these goals as they lack the ‘legitimate’ resources to do so
76
Q

What is Sutherland’s (Social learning theory) theory of deviance?

A
  • Values and techniques associated with deviance must be learned
  • Learn through socialization/association with deviant peer groups
  • Different environments provide different opportunities to learn deviant behaviour
77
Q

What is Cohen’s (Subcultural theory) theory of deviance?

A
  • Role of culture in deviance
  • Deviant/criminal groups as subcultures with their own values and norms that differ
    from larger, mainstream culture
  • Can understand these subcultures as collective adaptation to social conditions and
    rejection of normative cultural goals
78
Q

What is Hirschi’s (Control theory) theory of deviance?

A
  • What prevents individuals from deviance?

*Social bonds and stakes in conformity
* Attachment (to social bonds);
*commitment (something to lose from letting go of
social bonds);
*engagement (in variety of conventional activities); belief (in the rules)

79
Q

What is Lemert and Becker’s (Labelling theory) theory of deviance?

A
  • Response to deviant act can influence an individual to engage in further deviance
  • Being labelled ‘deviant’ leads to more deviancy; creates deviant/criminal identity;
    self-fulfilling prophecy
  • Primary deviance: initial, small, random acts of deviance/rule breaking
  • Secondary deviance: persistent deviant behaviour that occur due to taking on the
    ‘deviant’ identity
80
Q

What are Moral panics?

A
  • Condition, group, person defined as a threat to societal values and interests
  • Disproportionate reaction relative to the actual threat
81
Q

What are folk devils? (Moral Panics)

A

bearers of the deviant label, stereotypes, hostility, and exaggerations

82
Q

What is the Media’s role in moral panics (Cohen)?

A
  • Exaggeration and distortion of events
  • Prediction of the inevitable growth of the problem
  • Symbolization of conditions, groups, things as a threat
83
Q

What is the Penological perspective of punishment?

A

punishment as a technique of crime control

  • Recidivism rates; questions of cost, management and control of crime
  • Question is ‘what works?’
84
Q

What is the Philosophical perspective of punishment?

A

punishment as a moral problem/concern
* Ethical reasoning and moral appeal
* Question is ‘what is just?’

85
Q

What are some general opinions on punishment? (Possible freebe cuz it wasn’t labelled)

A
  • Punishment as a social institution that is connected with other social institutions
    and is shaped by social and historical forces
  • Social effects of punishment go beyond crime control and reach far beyond
    population of criminals
  • Different views within sociological perspective on punishment; no single, unified framework
86
Q

What is Durkheim’s view of punishment?

A
  • Punishment as moralizing mechanism; reaffirms moral order and preserves shared
    values; restores collective confidence in moral order; social solidarity
  • Punishment as a ritualized expression of social values; directed to members of the
    public, not the criminal individual
  • Punishment has changed in form but not in function
87
Q

What is Marx’s view of punishment?

A
  • Punishment as component of class rule; punishment as hegemonic form of control
    that seeks to control the poor/control struggle between classes
  • Economic and political determinants of punishment
88
Q

What is Wacquant’s view of punishment?

A
  • Penalization of urban marginality; punishment to control insecurity/the working class
  • Social policies (welfare) and criminal justice (punishment): two modalities of state
    power that work together to control the poor; must be understood/analyzed
    together
  • Crime control policies are intended to: warehouse the most ‘disruptive’ segments of population; create/maintain boundaries between deserving citizenry and the urban
    poor; reinforce precarious wage work
89
Q

What is Foucault’s view on punishment?

A
  • Intersection of punishment, power, and knowledge
  • Focus on internal workings of specific technologies of penal power: surveillance,
    control, discipline
  • Move from punishing the body to disciplining the mind
  • Normalization: occurs through discipline; creation of docile, obedient, useful body
  • Populations that are punished, controlled, disciplined change throughout history;
    modern prison is linked to broader networks of discipline/regulation
  • Ex: historical warehousing of the ‘mad’/‘madness’
  • Panopticon: idea of constant surveillance; behave as if you are being watched even
    though this cannot be confirmed/you cannot see the guard in the tower
90
Q

What are the Basic concepts of inequality?

A
  • System by which society categorizes people; ranked in hierarchy; based on the
    uneven distribution of resources (money, power, status)
  • Exists in every contemporary society, but levels differ
  • Functions of inequality (structural functionalism point of view):
    • Ensure most important positions are filled by most qualified people
    • Incentive for people to work hard/do their jobs well
  • Income inequality related to other issues/inequalities, both social and individual
    • Ex. Levels of imprisonment, homicide, mental illness
91
Q

What is Meritocracy?

A

idea that there is opportunity for social mobility based on personal merit/talent; views class system as an ‘open’ system where you can move from the bottom up with hard work

92
Q

What is Hegemony? (Gramsci)

A
  • Strategies that dominant groups use to make their worldview appear as ‘common sense’
  • Cultural/ideological form of control of lower class by ruling class
93
Q

Explain the three main topics of hegemony?

Spontaneous consent:

Misconception:

Flexible appropriation:

A

Spontaneous consent:
- does not come from conscious decision making; things/norms are accepted as they are seen to be ‘just the way things are’

Misconception:
-creation of cultural conflicts (regarding non-fundamental issues) that diminish the focus on similar economic interests/the shared problem of unequal capital; diversion; lower classes falsely identify with interests of ruling class

Flexible appropriation:
-even with resistance/failure of spontaneous consent, hegemonic systems often do not go away; may change forms/respond to resistance, but dominant ideologies evolve and persist

94
Q

What is Webers Structure of inequality?

A
  • Class alone is not enough to understand inequality
  • 3 primary bases of power:
    • Class:
      * Power in economic order; classes differ based on ownership of property and
      what services are available to them
    • Status:
      * Social honour/prestige gained through social positions; can also be negative
    • Parties:
      * Political parties; groups aimed at improving specific social problems
95
Q

What is Social mobility?

A

movement (up or down) on the stratification system

  • If there is high level of social mobility, society is achievement-based (rather than
    ascription-based)
96
Q

Explain the Two types of social mobility?

Intragenerational

Intergenerational

A

Intragenerational:
- within single generation; parents were born into working class
but became middle class

Intergenerational:
- between generations; parents or grandparents are working
class but you become middle class

97
Q

What is Intergenerational income elasticity?

A

statistical relationship between a parent and child’s economic standing at the same age; higher number means less social mobility where child’s economic standing is highly correlated to parent’s

98
Q

How does Stratification occur?

A

occurs in many forms; many barriers to social mobility

99
Q

What are Social factors associated with mobility?

A

family background, culture, education
-Children from high-income families do better in school; those who do better in
school are likely to make more money

100
Q

What is Intersectionality (by Kimberlé Crenshaw)?

A

multiple forms of inequality and
disadvantage that compound themselves and create unique obstacles

101
Q

What does Bev Skeggs’ talk about in Social media siloing?

A
  • Facebook divides/stratifies people by friendship networks and browsing history
  • Targets those that are vulnerable (those without wealthy/influential friendship
    networks) with advertisements for bad loan companies, low quality education, etc.
  • ‘Repeated stratification’
102
Q

What does Bourdieu say Habitus is?

A
  • Shared tastes, experiences, leisure pursuits, humour, methods of self-expression that vary greatly between different groups/are products of different social arragenemnts (based on family background, class, culture, etc.)
  • Acquired by socialization; internalized
103
Q

What does Bourdieu say Social capital is?

A
  • Related to cultural capital, but ‘bigger’; aggregate of all resources (actual and
    potential)
  • Dependent on size of one’s network and who is in this network/the capital they have
103
Q

What is the Gini index?

A

compares income of richest and poorest within society and across countries
(the lower the index, the more equal)

104
Q

What does Bourdieu say Cultural capital is?

A
  • Translation of cultural behaviour into currency through ‘acculturation’; social structure reproduced culturally as well as through material wealth
  • Direct consequence of parents’ wealth/how much they can invest into your cultural capital
105
Q

What is the Modernization theory of globalization?

A
  • Society’s economic, social, cultural systems either aid 0r hinder its development
  • Countries remain poor because they hold onto traditional/inefficient attitudes and
    institutions; all countries can (and should) become modernized/developed like
    Western societies if they tried to
  • Seen as a linear progression from undeveloped/traditional (bad) to developed/
    modernized (good)
    • Rostow’s (1991) stages of modernization: traditional society - precondition for
      economic takeoff - economic takeoff - technological maturity - mass consumption
  • Criticism: highly ethnocentric view; no recognition of colonialism/exploitation/etc
105
Q

What is Global inequality and globalization?

A
  • Inequalities within and between countries; connected to colonialism
  • Also important to think of inequality in terms of more than just income; ‘social health’
    (education, health)
106
Q

What is Globalization?

(Three mechanisms: Material/physical connections, Spatio-temporal element, and cognitive element)

A
  • Process of increasing interconnectedness of people, places, ideas, and products; not
    linear or unidirectional
  • Increased interconnectedness through three mechanisms:
    * Material/physical connections - movement of people/products across borders
    * Spatio-temporal element - world ‘feels smaller’ (shared connection through media)
    * Cognitive element - dissemination of ideas and culture
107
Q

What is the World systems theory (Of globalization)?

A

Wallerstein
* Inherent inequality of globalization; based on Marxist principles
* World-wide division of labour between core (most powerful), periphery (least
powerful), and semi-periphery nations
* Core nations exploit labour and take resources from periphery nations; materials go
from periphery to core nations, whereas ideas go from core to periphery; this unequal
power relationship is highly problematic and damaging to periphery nations
* Criticism: foreign trade can benefit countries/support their economies
* Chang (2016) Disposable Domestics: extraction of resources by USA forces many
peoples to migrate to follow their countries’ wealth; then, they/their labour is
exploited; remain in low-paying jobs and needed services are intentionally minimized
World systems theory

108
Q

What is the World society theory?

A

Meyer
* First two theories focus on growing inequality; world society theory focuses on
importance of global institutions and global cultural models in shaping nations
* Countries becoming increasingly similar (isomorphic) by adopting common cultural
frames
* Human rights, democracy, educational expansion, environmentalism, progress
* Guidelines/scripts on how to enact and uphold these shared values/frames
* Results in one ‘world culture’
* International not-for-profits oriented towards social/political change

109
Q

Explain the following Strategies for addressing inequality:

Development assistance:

Debt relief:

Labour migration:

Micro-financing:

Fair trade certification:

A
  • Development assistance: financial aid by governments/charitable agencies to
    support economic, social, political development; has been relatively successful
  • Debt relief: call for richer countries to forgive debt of less wealthy countries;
    repaying debts limits the development of less wealthy countries; less money to
    spend on things like eduction and health care
  • Labour migration: individuals move to another country/region for employment;
    send portion of their earnings back to their home country
  • Micro-financing: small loans to individuals/businesses who lack access to larger institutional loans
  • Fair trade certification: guarantees labourers are paid stable, minimum price for their product; gives them entry into global market

Sociological Perspectives (22 decks)

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