Lecture 16

Question 1

What is Critical Race Theory? (three important parts)

(Ordinary, Important, and Crenshaw)

Answer 1

1. Racism is ordinary and not an unusual part of society.
   ● We live in a society that is founded on racist ideologies, and racism is structurally embedded in our society.
2. Racism serves important purposes.
   ● Many people benefit from the racial hierarchies that exist in society. If we do not recognize how some people benefit from these systems, we cannot change them.
3. Intersectionality

Question 2

Does Canada have a lot of Immigration?

Answer 2

Canada has one of the highest per capita immigration rates in the world,

● 21% of Canada’s population (7.7 million people) born outside the country in 201

Question 3

What are the three immigration categories?

Economic

Family

Refugees

Answer 3

Economic - To work

Family - Coming over with family members (sponsored)

Refugees - Fleeing from harm

Question 4

Which is the most used Immigration category in Canada? What does this mean?

Answer 4

Economic,

We treat people as deserving or not to come here

Question 5

How is the Economic immigration system set up?

Answer 5

Points system

Question 6

How has the type of immigrants shifted?

Answer 6

From Europe -> Asia mostly

Question 7

What is Multiculturalism?

Answer 7

A doctrine that provides a political framework for the official promotion of cultural differences as an integral component of society.

Question 8

Multiculturalism is based on the idea of ______?

Answer 8

pluralism,

the belief that conflict is a central feature of societies and that ethnicity is an essential aspect of individual identity and group behaviour.
● Individuals are encouraged to display and celebrate their ethnicity and
distinctness.

Question 9

What did the Canadian Multiculturalism Act in 1988 do?

Answer 9

Federal assistance in “bringing about equal access and participation for all Canadians in the economic, social, cultural and political life of the nation.”

Question 10

Issue with multicultural idea and economic immigration?

Answer 10

How much of a multicultural idea is sustainable w/ immigration being merit based (some deserve to come, others don’t)

Question 11

What is sex?

Answer 11

Sex is a biological identity and can be divided into the main categories of male and female.

Question 12

Is sex binary?

Answer 12

● Male/female binary
● The existence of middle-sex categories
● “Two-Spirited” people who have both a masculine and feminine spirit.

Question 13

When was the first sex and gender
testing introduced into the Olympic
games?

Answer 13

When the concern was that sports turn
women into men

Question 14

How can we tell someone’s sex?

Answer 14

DSDs: differences in sex development

Question 15

What is the issue with using differences in sex development in determining someones sex?

Answer 15

Many genetic variations lead some experts to say it’s impossible to establish that everyone with a Y chromosome is a male and everyone without a Y chromosome is a
female

Imperfect Indicator

Question 16

Are there differences in Sex?

Answer 16

● There are certainly biological differences between men and women
● Not as clear cut as they seem

Question 17

Do sex differences explain gender-based social disparities?

Answer 17

Biological differences do not explain gender-based social disparities
● Biological differences do not explain expectations about “masculine” behaviour and “feminine” behaviour

Question 18

What is Gender?

Answer 18

Gender is socially constructed
roles defining expected
behaviours for individuals of
each sex

Sociology emphasizes that the
act of classification shapes
gender behaviours and related
expectations

Question 19

What are Gender Roles?

Answer 19

Gender roles are one set of roles that we perform in society, constructed through individuals’ performance in a social
situation

Question 20

What are gender roles using Goffmans “on-stage” “off-stage” Idea?

Answer 20

Using Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective, the front stage is where we perform expected gender roles, the backstage reveals a different set of expected gender norms (sitting, attitude, clothes you wear)

Question 21

What do people use gender cues for?

Answer 21

to indicate sex status and gender
roles

Question 22

What does Repetative Performance of gender cause?

Answer 22

Repetative Performance of gender
contains the idea that gender is
natural, inevitable, and morally
justified

● Produced by all agents of
socialization

Question 23

According to West and Zimmerman, what is Gender?

Answer 23

Gender is NOT a set of traits

Gender is a product of social doing

Gender is an ACCOMPLISHEMNT that we ACHIEVE in our SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

Question 24

Doing gender means creating differences between ______ and ______

Answer 24

girls and boys and men and women

hese differences are not natural, essential or biological BUT once these differences are constructed, our daily interactions are used to reinforce the “essentialness” of gender