Lecture 15

Question 1

Who is Lynn Gehl? What did she do?

Answer 1

Algonquin Anishinaabe-kwe
from the Ottawa River Valley, Ontario,
Canada.

• Importantly: She defeated Indian and Northern Affairs Canada’s unstated paternity policy when the
  Court of Appeal for Ontario ruled the sex
  discrimination in the policy was
  unreasonable. (no women getting status)

Question 2

What is The Royal Proclamation of 1763?

Answer 2

Recognized First Nations as nations with sovereignty over their own people

• Treaties signed

Question 3

What is The Indian Act (1876) ?

Answer 3

matters pertaining to Indian status, bands, and Indian reserves

• The laws racialized Indigenous peoples

Question 4

What was Being “Indian” entirely dependent on?

Answer 4

male lineage

1. Any male person of Indian blood reputed to belong to a particular band;
2. Any child of such person;
3. Any woman who is or was lawfully married to such person

Question 5

What is Enfranchisement?

Answer 5

A woman and her children lost status if she married a non-status Indian

Question 6

Who can own / live on reserves? Did this change?

Answer 6

Only those with Registered Indian status (i.e., Status Indians), may ‘own’ land on
a reserve,

After 1985, people without status were permitted to reside on reserves at the
discretion of band councils.

Question 7

What is the consequence of Enfranchisement?

Answer 7

25,000 lost status and externalized from their communities between 1876 and 1985

Question 8

Explain the big “Aggressive Assimilation” in Canada? (Not a trick, whatever you are thinking is the right answer)

Answer 8

Residential schools

Question 9

What is racism?

Answer 9

“organized system of race-based group
privilege that operates at every level of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of color or ‘race’
supremacy”

● Privileges
● Sanctions

Question 10

Name an example of a sanction on a race?

Answer 10

• head tax on Chinese immigrants to Canada
• Hate crimes against Muslims

Question 11

The rise of ____ also showed the racial inequality?

Answer 11

Suburbs
- Cheaper houses for middle class white ppl

• Built for veterans
• Not accessible for black ppl

Question 12

What is Redlining?

Answer 12

The FHA (Federal Housing Administration) selectively administered the mortgage program by formally excluding urban neighborhoods, using empirical data that suggested a probable loss of investment in these areas.

● The redlining was based largely on racial composition
- No loans = Neighborhoods deemed “risky”

Question 13

How did Constriction of Freeways show inequality?

Answer 13

Connecting suburbs to centres of employment
● Movement of the “better off residents” out of the inner cities into the suburbs

ISSUE:
● Freeways as barriers walling off poor and
minority neighbourhoods from central business districts and other neighbourhoods

Question 14

What caused a lot of problems in housing?

Answer 14

Municipal Crises
- Disinvestment in city budgets
- NY declared bankruptcy
- Homelessness, drugs, crime, and AIDs on rise

Question 15

What shift happened according to WIlson?

Answer 15

Changes in the mode of production

● Manufacturing-> finance, services, and technology

● Shift in importance from physical capacities to human capital

● Current jobs that require limited education and experience- retail and service industries

● Shift from unionized labour and stable conditions to precarious work and pay in the service economy

● Relocation of firms from inner cities (to suburbs and other countries)

Question 16

What is the dissimilarity index?

Answer 16

measure of how separately two population groups live in a shared urban space. (Segregation in a city)

Question 17

What does Devah Pager talk about?

Answer 17

Mark of a criminal record reading

Question 18

What is Group position prejudice?

Answer 18

Superior sense of group position and normative belief in group superiority

● Sense of entitlement to resources and higher status and sense of threat from the outer group

Question 19

What is laissez-faire racism?

Answer 19

general support for equality while maintaining negative, stereotypical beliefs about minorities

Question 20

What does Laissez-faire racism believe about the system?

Answer 20

System is fair, and any systemic issues are actually personal failings or a result of cultural shortcomings

In Canada such prejudice was required to justify systemic racist policies

Question 21

What is the contact hypothesis?

Answer 21

inter group interaction, over time, alleviates stereotypes and hostilities

Question 22

Did the contact hypothesis work in rural Ontario? (Indigenous + White ppl)

Answer 22

Still prejudice despite it being close knit

Question 23

Explain the three things that reinforce racist beliefs in close contact societies?

1. Subtyping
2. Ideology based homophily
3. Political Avoidance norms

Answer 23

Subtyping
● Individuals who disconfirm stereotypes are viewed as exceptions that prove the rule

Ideology based homophily
● whites befriend Indigenous individuals who appear to share their racial views, subtype them as “good Indians,” and thereby maintain a superior sense of group

Political Avoidance norms -
● “Avoding race talk at all cost” .

● If these issues are avoided then learning and acting for social justice , motivations itroduced via contact,
do not occur

Question 24

What is the income and education disparity?

Answer 24

If we claim we live in a meritocracy then groups with highest education should make the most.

But white ppl make the most even thought many groups beat them out (Lot of Asian countries)

Question 25

How can we explain the income and education gap?

Answer 25

Immigration point system values high levels of education and experience when selecting which immigrants can come to Canada.

● In Canada barriers for the usege of this education and experience
● Requirements for additional education, language training, or certification to work in Canada

Also could be just racism

Question 26

What is the Racial Disparity in Health?

Answer 26

More minorities got covid

Higher mortality rate for minorities

Question 27

Why is there a disparity in health between minorities and non minorities ?

Answer 27

● Whites have, on average, higher incomes and wealth than either Black or Asian people in Canada.

● The nature of jobs: flexibility and working from home in the pandemic. (More white ppl had that option)

Question 28

How is income different with Indigenous people?

Answer 28

Indigenous ppl make less (gap is decreasing, but still significant)

Question 29

What is racially significant about child poverty rate?

Answer 29

Indigenous kids on reserve have highest (53%)

Even other racialized children is 22%

Lowest is white ppl (12%)