Lecture 15 Flashcards
Who is Lynn Gehl? What did she do?
Algonquin Anishinaabe-kwe
from the Ottawa River Valley, Ontario,
Canada.
- Importantly: She defeated Indian and Northern Affairs Canada’s unstated paternity policy when the
Court of Appeal for Ontario ruled the sex
discrimination in the policy was
unreasonable. (no women getting status)
What is The Royal Proclamation of 1763?
Recognized First Nations as nations with sovereignty over their own people
- Treaties signed
What is The Indian Act (1876) ?
matters pertaining to Indian status, bands, and Indian reserves
- The laws racialized Indigenous peoples
What was Being “Indian” entirely dependent on?
male lineage
- Any male person of Indian blood reputed to belong to a particular band;
- Any child of such person;
- Any woman who is or was lawfully married to such person
What is Enfranchisement?
A woman and her children lost status if she married a non-status Indian
Who can own / live on reserves? Did this change?
Only those with Registered Indian status (i.e., Status Indians), may ‘own’ land on
a reserve,
After 1985, people without status were permitted to reside on reserves at the
discretion of band councils.
What is the consequence of Enfranchisement?
25,000 lost status and externalized from their communities between 1876 and 1985
Explain the big “Aggressive Assimilation” in Canada? (Not a trick, whatever you are thinking is the right answer)
Residential schools
What is racism?
“organized system of race-based group
privilege that operates at every level of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of color or ‘race’
supremacy”
● Privileges
● Sanctions
Name an example of a sanction on a race?
- head tax on Chinese immigrants to Canada
- Hate crimes against Muslims
The rise of ____ also showed the racial inequality?
Suburbs
- Cheaper houses for middle class white ppl
- Built for veterans
- Not accessible for black ppl
What is Redlining?
The FHA (Federal Housing Administration) selectively administered the mortgage program by formally excluding urban neighborhoods, using empirical data that suggested a probable loss of investment in these areas.
● The redlining was based largely on racial composition
- No loans = Neighborhoods deemed “risky”
How did Constriction of Freeways show inequality?
Connecting suburbs to centres of employment
● Movement of the “better off residents” out of the inner cities into the suburbs
ISSUE:
● Freeways as barriers walling off poor and
minority neighbourhoods from central business districts and other neighbourhoods
What caused a lot of problems in housing?
Municipal Crises
- Disinvestment in city budgets
- NY declared bankruptcy
- Homelessness, drugs, crime, and AIDs on rise
What shift happened according to WIlson?
Changes in the mode of production
● Manufacturing-> finance, services, and technology
● Shift in importance from physical capacities to human capital
● Current jobs that require limited education and experience- retail and service industries
● Shift from unionized labour and stable conditions to precarious work and pay in the service economy
● Relocation of firms from inner cities (to suburbs and other countries)
What is the dissimilarity index?
measure of how separately two population groups live in a shared urban space. (Segregation in a city)
What does Devah Pager talk about?
Mark of a criminal record reading
What is Group position prejudice?
Superior sense of group position and normative belief in group superiority
● Sense of entitlement to resources and higher status and sense of threat from the outer group
What is laissez-faire racism?
general support for equality while maintaining negative, stereotypical beliefs about minorities
What does Laissez-faire racism believe about the system?
System is fair, and any systemic issues are actually personal failings or a result of cultural shortcomings
In Canada such prejudice was required to justify systemic racist policies
What is the contact hypothesis?
inter group interaction, over time, alleviates stereotypes and hostilities
Did the contact hypothesis work in rural Ontario? (Indigenous + White ppl)
Still prejudice despite it being close knit
Explain the three things that reinforce racist beliefs in close contact societies?
- Subtyping
- Ideology based homophily
- Political Avoidance norms
Subtyping
● Individuals who disconfirm stereotypes are viewed as exceptions that prove the rule
Ideology based homophily
● whites befriend Indigenous individuals who appear to share their racial views, subtype them as “good Indians,” and thereby maintain a superior sense of group
Political Avoidance norms -
● “Avoding race talk at all cost” .
● If these issues are avoided then learning and acting for social justice , motivations itroduced via contact,
do not occur
What is the income and education disparity?
If we claim we live in a meritocracy then groups with highest education should make the most.
But white ppl make the most even thought many groups beat them out (Lot of Asian countries)
How can we explain the income and education gap?
Immigration point system values high levels of education and experience when selecting which immigrants can come to Canada.
● In Canada barriers for the usege of this education and experience
● Requirements for additional education, language training, or certification to work in Canada
Also could be just racism
What is the Racial Disparity in Health?
More minorities got covid
Higher mortality rate for minorities
Why is there a disparity in health between minorities and non minorities ?
● Whites have, on average, higher incomes and wealth than either Black or Asian people in Canada.
● The nature of jobs: flexibility and working from home in the pandemic. (More white ppl had that option)
How is income different with Indigenous people?
Indigenous ppl make less (gap is decreasing, but still significant)
What is racially significant about child poverty rate?
Indigenous kids on reserve have highest (53%)
Even other racialized children is 22%
Lowest is white ppl (12%)
