Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Global Health > Smoking > Flashcards

Smoking Flashcards

1
Q

GBD 2019 TOBACCO COLLABORATORS (2021): BURDEN OF DISEASE

A
  • globally (2019) 1.14 billion (95% uncertainty interval) individuals = current smokers; consumed 7.41 trillion cigarette-equivalents of tobacco
  • smoking prevalence decreased sig since 1990 among both males/females aged 15y+; BUT population growth -> sig increase in total smokers (.99 billion = 1990)
  • globally (2019) tobacco use = 7.69 million deaths & 200 million disability-adjusted life-years; leading risk factor for death among males; 6.68/7.69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco = among current smokers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

THE LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

A
  • globally 1/5 young men & 1/20 young women = smokers
  • 82.6% of current smokers began between 14-25y; 18.5% smoked regularly before 15y
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DOMINANT MODELS OF SMOKING

A

ADDICTION
POOR MENTAL HEALTH
PEER PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

JARVIS (2004): ADDICTION

A
  • cigarette smoking = primarily manifestation of nicotine addiction
  • explanation = poorer smoker have higher lvls of nicotine intake aka. substantially more dependent on it
  • smokers have individually characteristic prefs for nicotine intake lvl; regulate way they puff/inhale to achieve desired dose
  • link w/nicotine addiction DOESN’T imply that pharmacological factors drive smoking beh in simple way to exclusion of other influences
  • aka. social/economic/personal/political influences all play important part in determining smoking prevalence/cessation patterns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

SMOKING = RISK FACTOR FOR PEOPLE W/POOR MENTAL HEALTH

A
  • smoking prevalence in adults:
    1. 16.4% = all adults
    2. 28% = anxiety/depression
    3. 34% = long term mental health condition
    4. 40.5% = serious mental illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

LINKS POOR MENTAL HEALTH & SMOKING

A
  • 3 dominant explanations for link between poor mental health & smoking:
    KENDLER ET AL. (1993)
  • smoking/poor mental health = common causes (ie. genetics/familial factors)
    KHANTZIAN (1996)
  • smoking helps people regulate feelings (ie. low mood/anxiety) & stabilise anxiety symptoms (ie. stress)
    TAYLOR ET AL. (2014)
  • smoking may exacerbate poor mental health; studies show reductions in symptoms when people stop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SCHNEIDERMAN ET AL. (2005): STRESS & POOR HEALTH

A
  • stress = key cause for poor health (both bio/psych mechanisms)
  • stress “causes” = incl. violence experience in childhood/adulthood (ie. war)
  • linked to issues w/divorce
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SHERMAN & MEHTA (2020): STRESS & POOR HEALTH

A
  • health impacts of stress
    1. bio impacts (ie. increased cortisol)
    2. cardio-vascular impacts
    3. worsened mental health
    4. unhealthy coping strategies
  • also how hierarchies shape stress experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

GUTHRIE ET AL. (2002): RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (BACKGROUND)

A
  • stress = patterned by social structure/status/roles
  • racial discrimination = key cause of stress; causing stress may -> substance use (incl. smoking) as way to reduce anxiety (aka. avoidance coping)
  • set out to assess whether experiences of racial discrimination associated w/smoking among 11-19y African American girls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GUTHRIE ET AL. (2002): RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (EXPERIENCES IN METHOD)

A
  • you received poorer serrvice than others at restaurants/stores (27%)
  • you’re treated w/less courtesy than others (26%)
  • people act as if they’re better than you (13%)
  • you’re called names/insulted (10%)
  • you’re treated w/less respect than others (9%)
  • people act like they think you’re not smart (7%)
  • you’re threatened/harassed (3%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ZUKER & LANDRY (2007): SEXISM & SMOKING

A
  • sex roles
  • smoking = pleasurable/relaxing
  • not simply “coping strategy” BUT also way of making meaning/building identity in context of powerlessness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MACDONAL & WRIGHT (2002): SEXISM & SMOKING

A
  • powerlessness
  • found girls w/less power in school/home = more likely to smoke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

JACOBSEN (1986): SEXISM & SMOKING

A
  • smoking to remain in control
  • dealing w/lack of power; worried about losing control/being unfeminine
  • use smoking to calm down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MICHELL & AMOS (1997): SEXISM & SMOKING

A
  • girls & pecking order w/smoking
  • worked w/36 11ys & 40 13y students
  • focus groups w/small friendship networks; found complex relations between social status/smoking:
    1. 30-40% = top groups
    2. 40-50% = middle groups
    3. rest = troublemakers/low groups/loners
  • aka. smoking associated w/high status girls/troublemakers (boys)/low status pupils (mainly girls)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MICHELL & AMOS (1997): SEXISM & SMOKING (STATUS DEFINITIONS)

A

HIGH STATUS
- girls = pressure to be cool/adult; focussed on discussing boys/looks/social lives; coercive pressure
- boys = twin pressures of being cool BUT also sport/health; had other activity options (computers/sport)
LOW STATUS
- girls = not popular; some pressure/force to smoke
- aka. smoking varies by social status/hierarchy & gender; social identity may be more important for girls > boys in smoking terms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GRAHAM (1987): IDENTITY & SMOKING

A
  • women’s smoking & family health
  • suggests most research on smoking focused towards attitudes/psych traits; ignores social patterning & how informal care may be involved
  • highlights range of factors (isolation/emotional reactions/sleep as important)
  • smoking = strategy for dealing w/children when they get too much OR luxury in otherwise challenging contexts
  • shifts arguments away from attitudes towards how people’s lives/contexts get embedded in everyday practices -> smoking emerges as “logic”
17
Q

CULLEN (2010): YOUNG WOMEN’S SMOKING PRACTICES/RECIPROCITY/FRIENDSHIP

A
  • seeks to overcome focus on peer pressure/deficit model that looks at how people = “forced” to smoke; looks at “productivity” (think alcohol) & how we negotiate it
  • informal currency among young people cements friendships via sharing
  • brands = signified of identity (ie. grunger)
  • young women’s affinity to particilar brain identity -> cigarette as unit of exchange negotiated in face of strongly branded recognition/subcultural membership
  • ideas of peer pressure fail to capture how people draw on smoking (& other health practices) to achieve other goals
18
Q

SUMMARY

A
  • major impact on people’s health; key driver of global poor health
  • entry typically starts young; much research focused on young people
  • addiction/mental health/attitudes/psych traits/peer pressure = common focus of research on smoking
  • fails to consider:
    1. multiple stress sources (ie. harassment/violence/racism) & impacts
    2. how people’s hierarchy positions (social/gendered) shape practices
    3. “positive” aspects (ie. building relations/identities)
  • w/o considering said issues, interventions may fail

Global Health (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions