HIV/AIDS Flashcards
1
Q
HIV IS NOT EQUITABLY DISTRIBUTED
A
- varies along range of lines; NOT only gender:
1. wealth/poverty
2. race
3. settlement type (urban informal = highest; urban formal = lowest)
4. age
2
Q
DOMINANT APPROACHES TO PSYCH & HIV
A
- theory of planned behs
- knowledge/attitudes/practices
CAMPBELL (2003) - shift towards focusing on identity/beh & how it shapes our understanding of HIV pandemic
MURRAY & CAMPBELL (2003); WALDO & COATES (2000) - implicitly focus on individual
- role of identities in shaping beh
MCEACHEN ET AL. (2011) - limited explanatory value to models (ie. TPB; safer sex/abstinence from drugs = poorly predicted (between 13.8-15.8% variance explained)
- short-run self-reported behs = better
3
Q
PSYCHOLOGY OF MASCULINITIES
A
CONNELL (1995)
- hegemonic masculinity (most valorised masculinity form) links identity/behs
- all other masculinities formed in relation/opposition to this:
1. complicit (exaggerated)
2. marginalised
3. subordinated
4. protest
VANDELLO & BOSSON (2013)
- masculinity = unstable; hard-won; must be constantly proven
4
Q
FLEMING ET AL. (2016)
A
- review of published research on masculinities/sexual risk beh
- assumption/norm of uncontrollable sex drive
- capacity to perform sexually
- power over others
5
Q
JACQUES-AVINO ET AL. (2019)
A
- separate research found ideology of masculinity associated w/:
1. multiple partners
2. heterosexual beh
3. uncontrollable sexual desire thus justifying risk beh
4. invulnerability to HIV/STIs
6
Q
LIMITED RESEARCH ON MASCULINITY
A
- multiplicity of masculinities & how this may impact such behs
- understanding where masculinities emerge from
- fluidity of masculinity; comes across as stereotypes
7
Q
UNAIDS SPECIAL ANALYSIS (2017)
A
- blind spot; reaching out to men/boys
- main focus of HIV in SSA has been on women; women = largest number of people living w/HIV
- men consistently less likely test for HIV/be on treatment/be virally suppressed)
- men who aren’t virally suppressed impacts their/their partners sexual health
8
Q
SILEO ET AL. (2019)
A
- summary of key findings on notions of masculinity that serve as barriers/facilitators to HIV care engagement; presented by stages of HIV care continuum
- linkage to care/art initation
- clinic attendance/retention
- art adherence
9
Q
SIKWEYIYA ET AL. (2015)
A
- 18 qualitative interviews w/men living w/HIV
- prior to HIV-diagnosis many had emphasised masculinity aka. youthful masculinity
- after HIV-diagnosis some men “grieved” loss of future (ie. whether they could have kids; failing to idealise notions of masculinity)
- diminished masculinity (particular concerns about being cared for)
- coping strategies (ie. not testing for HIV/not telling others)
- BUT some men used this as change for “re-birth” and responsible masculinity emerged
10
Q
DOVEL ET AL. (2015)
A
- contexts/health systems impact on men’s access to testing/treatment
- much of literature implicity blames men for poor use of testing/treatment focusing on role of masculinity as primary explanation
- BUT recent data raises doubt that masculinity is main culprit
- men = just as likely as non-pregnant women to initiate voluntary counseling/testing
- once tested positive men initiate ART at similar rates as women
11
Q
NGUYEN (2010)
A
- do health systems restructure people’s identities?
- technologies (HIV testing/treatment) did more than train people to produce illness narratives; equipped individuals to talk about themselves and get others to too
- self was made available as “substrate” that could be examined/prodded/discussed/worked upon; these incitements to disclose shaped social relations around those who mastered arts of asking/telling/listening
- conjured “self” into powerful life-giving force
12
Q
SUMMARY
A
- HIV = global issue; impacts dif countries/people differentially
- psych has been central to understanding HIV BUT oft in limited ways
- social identities on people’s risk of acquiring HIV on testing/treatment behs (focused on men’s masculinities)
- social contexts (health institutions) also impacy on people’s access to HIV prevention/treatment services
- institutions potentially impact on people’s identities