Intimate Partner Violence Flashcards
WHO DEFINITION
- violence by husband/male intimate partner = most widespread form of violence against women globally:
1. physical (ie. hit/slapped/pushed/attacked w/weapons)
2. sexual (ie. forced sex/sexual coercion)
3. psychcological (ie. humiliation/verbal abuse/parasocial violence ie. threats/hurting pets/coercion)
IPV DEFINITION
- violence in relations = common globally in both hetero/other intimate relations BUT we focus on men’s perpetration against women in hetero relations
- also overlaps w/many other violence forms (incl. non-parter rape; child abuse; elder abuse)
- violence occurs across all dif social/demographic relations BUT we see it patterned by dif factors
LIFETIME DATA
- 307 studies; 154 countries
- 26-27% subjected to physical/sexual violence from current/former husband/male intimate partner at least once in lifetime (since 15y)
- aka. 641-753 million ever-married/partnered women (15y+) subjected to physical/sexual IPV since 15y
PAST 12-MONTH DATA
- 332 studies; 159 countries
- 10-13% subjected to physical/sexual IPV at some point within past 12 months
- aka. 245-307 million ever-married/partnered women aged 15y+ subjected to recent physical/sexual IPV
IMPACTS ON WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCE IPV
BACCHUS ET AL. (2018)
- increased depression/anxiety/PTSD
DEVRIES ET AL. (2014)
- increased alcohol/drug misuse
JEWKES ET AL. (2010)
- increased risk of STI/HIV acquisition
STRUCTURAL FACTORS
POVERTY
- low education
- food insecurity
GENDER INEQUALITY
- partiarchal privilege
- disempowerment of women
NORMALISATION/ACCEPTIBILITY OF VIOLENCE
- in multiple aspects of social relations
… + armed conflict/post-conflict -> IPV
INDIVIDUAL/RELATIONSHIP FACTORS
POOR COMMUNICATION
- relationship conflict responses
POOR MENTAL HEALTH
- ie. substance abuse
CHILDHOOD NEGLECT/ABUSE
- ie. witnessing mother being beaten
DISABILITY
… + armed conflict/post-conflict -> IPV
MENTAL HEALTH = CAUSE & CONSEQUENCE
IPV EXPERIENCE/PERPETRATIN
- relationship quality/conflict
- eroding of self-esteem/resilience
- emotional management/self-regulation
UNDERLYING FACTORS
- poverty/food insecurity
- partiarchal norms/gender inequalities
- conflict/environmental insecurities
- lack of social support
- childhood trauma/adversities
HATCHER ET AL. (2022): BASIS
FOOD INSECURITY & VIOLENCE
- food insecurity = malnutrition/hunger/inability to acceptably find food (ie. theft)
- food insecurity -> individual/relationship/social risk factors -> violence against women/girls
HATCHER ET AL. (2022): INDIVIDUAL FACTORS
- alcohol = coping strategy to mask hunger
- alcohol misuse/dependence
- chronic stress
- mental decline (ie. trauma/depression)
- emotional reactivity
- aggression
HATCHER ET AL. (2022): RELATIONSHIP FACTORS
- risky partnerships/early marriage to secure food
- unequal sexual power
- relationship conflict
- quarreling
GENDER POWER DYNAMICS - decision-making
- food practicies
- men control resources
THREATS TO MASCULINITY - low libido
- loss of breadwinner role
- women gaining agency
HATCHER ET AL. (2022): SOCIAL FACTORS
- rigid gendered beliefs
- women have limited access to land/property/credit
- few social support networks
- isolation
IMPELLING/INHIBITING MODEL OF IPV PERPETRATION (LATER I^3 THEORY)
- strong impelling forces + weak inhibiting forces = high risk of IPV
- weak impelling forces + strong inhibiting forces = low risk of IPV
I^3 THEORY: RISK FACTORS FOR STRONG VIOLENCE-IMPELLING FORCES
DISTAL
- witnessing parental IPV
- learned violence scripts
- childhood abuse
DISPOSITIONAL
- anger/dysthemia/narcissism/neuroticism
- attachment anxiety
- testosterone/genetics
RELATIONAL
- contempt/dissatisfaction w/power/jealousy
- poor communication
SITUATIONAL
- environmental irritants
- physiological arousal/pain
- blameful attributions
- aggression cues
I^3 THEORY: RISK FACTORS FOR WEAK VIOLENCE-INHIBITING FORCES
DISTAL
- cultural acceptance
- poor IPV-relevant legal institutions
DISPOSITIONAL
- low self-control/empathy/chivalry
- beliefs about IPV consequences/genetics
RELATIONAL
- low commitment/communal feelings
- high partner dependence
SITUATIONAL
- alcohol
- costs > benefits
- blameful attributions/ego depletion
- no fear of injury to self
SOCIAL IDENTITIES & IPV
- social identities shape people’s beh (incl. men’s violence in relationships)
- ie. how particular masculinities shape men’s IPV perpetration both in terms of identities/where such identities come from
- focus on young menn in South Africa
GIBBS ET AL. (2014): “MEN VALUE THEIR DIGNITIY”
- 3 focus groups; 19 in-depth w/young (18-30y) men; idealise “traditional” masculinity emphasising economic power/control over household/heterosexuality
- BUT struggle to achieve it given economic (ie. no job)/social (ie. seen as “children”) contexts
- construct other forms of identities (dormant & youthful) which prioritise heterosexual success & dominance/control over girlfriends (incl. limited violence)/displays of masculine success/bravado
- continual establishment of masculine identity & fragility
GIBBS ET AL. (2021)
- differential impact on men w/IPV prevention intervention
- grouped men using latent class analysis to look at violent beh patterns (low = 21%; medium = 50%; high = 29%)
HEREK (1986) - linked to masculinity theory; most violent = hyper-masculinity
- medium violence = most numerous so dominant form?
- men’s identities = fragile & require continual reproduction
BOSSON & VANDELLO: PRECARIOUS MASCULINITY
- emphasise that masculinity = NOT simply “there” but something that must be continually achieved
STUDY - threaten men’s masculinity; test range of outcomes (hairstyling = masculinity threat)
- OR rope reinforcing task
- those in threat condition = more likely to choose punching task & punch harder
- emphasises that masculinity = NOT stable
- ie. men’s beh = constant demonstrators of masculinity
SUMMARY
- violence against women/girls (particularly IPV) = global health problem; has range of negative health impacts
- IPV experience = patterned on range of social/psychological/structural factors (ie. age/mental health/food insecurity)
- lack of understanding of “how” risk factors -> increased risk for women (ie. how does depression -> women’s increased IPV experience?)
- IPV perpetration = best thought in terms of social identities/men’s masculinities BUT recognise how these = embedded in men’s own histories of violence/poverty/social challenged (NOT absolving them)
