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Global Health > Intimate Partner Violence > Flashcards

Intimate Partner Violence Flashcards

1
Q

WHO DEFINITION

A
  • violence by husband/male intimate partner = most widespread form of violence against women globally:
    1. physical (ie. hit/slapped/pushed/attacked w/weapons)
    2. sexual (ie. forced sex/sexual coercion)
    3. psychcological (ie. humiliation/verbal abuse/parasocial violence ie. threats/hurting pets/coercion)
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2
Q

IPV DEFINITION

A
  • violence in relations = common globally in both hetero/other intimate relations BUT we focus on men’s perpetration against women in hetero relations
  • also overlaps w/many other violence forms (incl. non-parter rape; child abuse; elder abuse)
  • violence occurs across all dif social/demographic relations BUT we see it patterned by dif factors
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3
Q

LIFETIME DATA

A
  • 307 studies; 154 countries
  • 26-27% subjected to physical/sexual violence from current/former husband/male intimate partner at least once in lifetime (since 15y)
  • aka. 641-753 million ever-married/partnered women (15y+) subjected to physical/sexual IPV since 15y
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4
Q

PAST 12-MONTH DATA

A
  • 332 studies; 159 countries
  • 10-13% subjected to physical/sexual IPV at some point within past 12 months
  • aka. 245-307 million ever-married/partnered women aged 15y+ subjected to recent physical/sexual IPV
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5
Q

IMPACTS ON WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCE IPV

A

BACCHUS ET AL. (2018)
- increased depression/anxiety/PTSD
DEVRIES ET AL. (2014)
- increased alcohol/drug misuse
JEWKES ET AL. (2010)
- increased risk of STI/HIV acquisition

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6
Q

STRUCTURAL FACTORS

A

POVERTY
- low education
- food insecurity
GENDER INEQUALITY
- partiarchal privilege
- disempowerment of women
NORMALISATION/ACCEPTIBILITY OF VIOLENCE
- in multiple aspects of social relations
… + armed conflict/post-conflict -> IPV

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7
Q

INDIVIDUAL/RELATIONSHIP FACTORS

A

POOR COMMUNICATION
- relationship conflict responses
POOR MENTAL HEALTH
- ie. substance abuse
CHILDHOOD NEGLECT/ABUSE
- ie. witnessing mother being beaten
DISABILITY
… + armed conflict/post-conflict -> IPV

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8
Q

MENTAL HEALTH = CAUSE & CONSEQUENCE

A

IPV EXPERIENCE/PERPETRATIN
- relationship quality/conflict
- eroding of self-esteem/resilience
- emotional management/self-regulation
UNDERLYING FACTORS
- poverty/food insecurity
- partiarchal norms/gender inequalities
- conflict/environmental insecurities
- lack of social support
- childhood trauma/adversities

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9
Q

HATCHER ET AL. (2022): BASIS

A

FOOD INSECURITY & VIOLENCE
- food insecurity = malnutrition/hunger/inability to acceptably find food (ie. theft)
- food insecurity -> individual/relationship/social risk factors -> violence against women/girls

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10
Q

HATCHER ET AL. (2022): INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

A
  • alcohol = coping strategy to mask hunger
  • alcohol misuse/dependence
  • chronic stress
  • mental decline (ie. trauma/depression)
  • emotional reactivity
  • aggression
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11
Q

HATCHER ET AL. (2022): RELATIONSHIP FACTORS

A
  • risky partnerships/early marriage to secure food
  • unequal sexual power
  • relationship conflict
  • quarreling
    GENDER POWER DYNAMICS
  • decision-making
  • food practicies
  • men control resources
    THREATS TO MASCULINITY
  • low libido
  • loss of breadwinner role
  • women gaining agency
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12
Q

HATCHER ET AL. (2022): SOCIAL FACTORS

A
  • rigid gendered beliefs
  • women have limited access to land/property/credit
  • few social support networks
  • isolation
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13
Q

IMPELLING/INHIBITING MODEL OF IPV PERPETRATION (LATER I^3 THEORY)

A
  • strong impelling forces + weak inhibiting forces = high risk of IPV
  • weak impelling forces + strong inhibiting forces = low risk of IPV
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14
Q

I^3 THEORY: RISK FACTORS FOR STRONG VIOLENCE-IMPELLING FORCES

A

DISTAL
- witnessing parental IPV
- learned violence scripts
- childhood abuse
DISPOSITIONAL
- anger/dysthemia/narcissism/neuroticism
- attachment anxiety
- testosterone/genetics
RELATIONAL
- contempt/dissatisfaction w/power/jealousy
- poor communication
SITUATIONAL
- environmental irritants
- physiological arousal/pain
- blameful attributions
- aggression cues

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15
Q

I^3 THEORY: RISK FACTORS FOR WEAK VIOLENCE-INHIBITING FORCES

A

DISTAL
- cultural acceptance
- poor IPV-relevant legal institutions
DISPOSITIONAL
- low self-control/empathy/chivalry
- beliefs about IPV consequences/genetics
RELATIONAL
- low commitment/communal feelings
- high partner dependence
SITUATIONAL
- alcohol
- costs > benefits
- blameful attributions/ego depletion
- no fear of injury to self

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16
Q

SOCIAL IDENTITIES & IPV

A
  • social identities shape people’s beh (incl. men’s violence in relationships)
  • ie. how particular masculinities shape men’s IPV perpetration both in terms of identities/where such identities come from
  • focus on young menn in South Africa
17
Q

GIBBS ET AL. (2014): “MEN VALUE THEIR DIGNITIY”

A
  • 3 focus groups; 19 in-depth w/young (18-30y) men; idealise “traditional” masculinity emphasising economic power/control over household/heterosexuality
  • BUT struggle to achieve it given economic (ie. no job)/social (ie. seen as “children”) contexts
  • construct other forms of identities (dormant & youthful) which prioritise heterosexual success & dominance/control over girlfriends (incl. limited violence)/displays of masculine success/bravado
  • continual establishment of masculine identity & fragility
18
Q

GIBBS ET AL. (2021)

A
  • differential impact on men w/IPV prevention intervention
  • grouped men using latent class analysis to look at violent beh patterns (low = 21%; medium = 50%; high = 29%)
    HEREK (1986)
  • linked to masculinity theory; most violent = hyper-masculinity
  • medium violence = most numerous so dominant form?
  • men’s identities = fragile & require continual reproduction
19
Q

BOSSON & VANDELLO: PRECARIOUS MASCULINITY

A
  • emphasise that masculinity = NOT simply “there” but something that must be continually achieved
    STUDY
  • threaten men’s masculinity; test range of outcomes (hairstyling = masculinity threat)
  • OR rope reinforcing task
  • those in threat condition = more likely to choose punching task & punch harder
  • emphasises that masculinity = NOT stable
  • ie. men’s beh = constant demonstrators of masculinity
20
Q

SUMMARY

A
  • violence against women/girls (particularly IPV) = global health problem; has range of negative health impacts
  • IPV experience = patterned on range of social/psychological/structural factors (ie. age/mental health/food insecurity)
  • lack of understanding of “how” risk factors -> increased risk for women (ie. how does depression -> women’s increased IPV experience?)
  • IPV perpetration = best thought in terms of social identities/men’s masculinities BUT recognise how these = embedded in men’s own histories of violence/poverty/social challenged (NOT absolving them)

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