Alcohol Flashcards
ALCOHOL = GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM
GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE (GBD)
- globally found alcohol = 7th leading risk factor for both deaths/DALYS (disability adjusted life years):
1. 2.2% age standardised female deaths
2. 6.8% age standardised male deaths
- 15-49 years = leading risk factor globally
- alcohol use = decreasing in Europe & increasing in many LMICs
NOLEN & HOEKSEMA (2004): RISK FACTORS FOR ALCOHOL USE/PROBLEMS
- genetics
- alcohol reactivity
- social sanctions
- depression/distress
- interpersonal relations (couples)
- gender roles (feminine/masculine traits)
- coping styles
- motives/expectancies
- self-esteem
- antisociality
- sexual assault
WITKIEWITZ ET AL. (2019): BASIS
- advances in science/treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD)
- treatment programmes emphasise:
1. coping regulation
2. individualised factors focused on mental health
3. limited social aspects
WITKIEWITZ ET AL. (2019): ALCOHOL USE COPING REGULATION
NEGATIVE EMOTIONALITY
- depression/anxiety/anger/boredom/pain
- sleep problems
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
- decision-making
- cognitive control
- expectancies/self-efficacy
INCENTIVE SALIENCE
- craving/reward seeking
- cue reactivity/subjective response
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
- social pressure
- network support
SOCIAL IDENTITIES & ALCOHOL
- alcohol consumption = more complex
- pleasure & alcohol consumption correlation
- making identities/achieving multiple aims aka. alcohol use = “productive” & negative
- particularly for women where alcogol = negative/risky ONLY
ALCOHOL & MASCULINITIES
- literature focuses on:
1. role of socialising/bonding
2. sharing personal issues; particularly in contexts w/assumed limited emotionality
3. receiving social support
4. unconstrained drinking may be issue (aka. control issue)
MAROJELE ET AL. (2006): ALCOHOL & MASCULINITIES
- alcohol use/sexual beh among risk drinkers/bar & shebeen patrons in Gauteng province (South Africa)
- drinking = important social activity for men to pass time
- drinking among age-mates -> fosters sense of identity/camaraderie
- those who drink heavily regularly (ie. daily basis) = more likely to attribute drinking to economic/social/psychological issues
TOWNSEND ET AL. (2011): ALCOHOL & MASCULINITIES
- alcohol = demonstration of wealth (quantity/quality)
- to attract women
FUGITT & HAM (2018)
- beer for “brohood” in psychology of addictive beh
- masculinity = fragile; when challenged, it undertakes “prototypical” ingroup beh
- taste test of alcohol (n = 65); men randomised into 1/3 groups:
1. gender threat = low masculinity
2. threat + undermine = challenge masculine alcohol norms
3. control = high masculinity
VISSER & SMITH (2007)
- alcohol consumption/masculine identity among young men
- masculinity & drinking (large amounts) = masculinity; linked to other behs (ie. drug abuse/sex/fighting); drinking competence = key; types of drink = key (ie. beer NOT wine/alcopops)
- trading dif competencies aka. possible NOT to drink IF sports person/attractive girlfriend/sexuality/rationality
- masculinity NOT fixed; shaped by dif behs
BORGON (2019): FEMININITIES & ALCOHOL
- drinking/intoxication = presented as risk for women in multiple ways
- aka. alcohol = constructed as reproductive/attractiveness/social/health risk (ie. risk of losing one’s status/reputation)
RUDOLFSDOTTIR & MORGAN (2009): “ALCOHOL IS MY FRIEND”
- alcohol = part of fun world as injects necessary “oomph” to take things off
- allows experiencing new things/expressing things in “non-traditional” ways for women
- pleasurable aspects; ability to engage in public spaces w/friendship/(some) safety
- needing to balance the line (ie. knowing when to stop as alcohol takes precarious control over bodies/sexuality away)
SUMMARY
- alcohol use growing globally (NOT in Europe) BUT patterned by gender/sex
- standard psych approach focuses on mental health
- ignores social identities (specifically pleasure)
- aka. men drinking = typically productive/building relationships/identities BUT resistance = hard
- women’s drinking = risk BUT qualitative emphasis on sociability/pleasure AND risk
- impacts how we may want to think about intetventions addressing misuse
