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Microbiology > Smartbook CH. 9 > Flashcards

Smartbook CH. 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The genome of a cell is entirely composed of the macromolecule known as

A

DNA

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2
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of

A

DNA

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3
Q

Genes are made up of ______, a macromolecule made up of nucleotides.

A

DNA

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4
Q

An organism’s genetic makeup is referred to as its ________, whereas the expression of those genes is referred to as the organism’s _______.

A

genotype, phenotype

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5
Q

In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of ____ strands.

A

2

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6
Q

The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites?

A

Mitochondria
Plasmids
Chloroplast
Chromosomes

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7
Q

A _______ is the basic unit of DNA structure.

A

nucleotide

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8
Q

A ______ is a discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule.

A

chromosome

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9
Q

Which component of DNA determines the 3’ and 5’ ends of the strands?

A

Carbons in the deoxyribose sugar.

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10
Q

A ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein or RNA.

A

gene

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11
Q

The DNA of a chromosome is ______- stranded.

A

double-stranded

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12
Q

If one strand of DNA reads 5’-AAGCGTTA-3’, the complementary sequence would be 3’__________5’.

A

TTCGCAAT

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13
Q

In DNA, the two strands of the helix are arranged in ______ orientation.

A

antiparallel

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14
Q

A nucleotide is oriented 5’ or 3’ depending on the location of the _______ on the strand of DNA.

A

deoxyribose carbons

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15
Q

Before a bacterial cell can undergo binary fission, the _____ must be duplicated.

A

DNA

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16
Q

The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA _____ I and III.

A

polymerase

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17
Q

During _____ DNA replication , the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand.

A

semiconservative

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18
Q

Which best describes the antiparallel orientation of strands in DNA?

A

One strand is 5’ to 3’ and the other is 3’ to 5’.

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19
Q

The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the _____.

A

origin of replication

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20
Q

True or false: During DNA replication, both the leading and lagging strands are synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

A

true

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21
Q

What must be replicated before a cell can divide through binary fission.

A

genetic material

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22
Q

Unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication

A

helicase

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23
Q

DNA polymerases are responsible for

A

proofreading/repair.

building the DNA chain.

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24
Q

Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

A

true

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25
Q

The replication _____ is the Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where the DNA polymerase is synthesizing new strands of DNA.

A

replication fork

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26
Q

The site on a chromosome where DNA replication begins is called the

A

origin of replication

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27
Q

DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA strands in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

True

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28
Q

The leading strand is replicated continuously without segments during DNA replication.

A

true

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29
Q

The newly forming DNA strand that is discontinuously replicated in segments (Okazaki fragments) is called the

A

lagging strand

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30
Q

How many replication forks are formed from opening a section of a circular DNA molecule during replication?

A

2

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31
Q

The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with

A

DNA which encodes RNA which encodes protein

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32
Q

During ____, the information in mRNA is used to produce a protein.

A

translation

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33
Q

_____ is the process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA.

A

transcription

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34
Q

Which strand is replicated discontinuously in segments during DNA replication?

A

lagging

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35
Q

A codon contains how many nucleotides?

A

3

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36
Q

_____ fragments are formed during DNA replication of the lagging strand.

A

Okazaki

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37
Q

Which organic molecule is formed from chains of amino acids?

A

proteins

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38
Q

The DNA blueprint specifies how to make what type of macromolecule?

A

Proteins

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39
Q

During which process is mRNA converted into a protein?

A

translation

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40
Q

Which of the following describes the primary structure of a protein?

A

The chain of amino acids bound by peptide bonds

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41
Q

During transcription, RNA polymerase synthesizes ______ from a(n) ______ template.

A

RNA; DNA

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42
Q

Proteins contribute to the phenotype of an organism by functioning as

A

enzymes.

structural molecules.

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43
Q

is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides, based on a DNA triplet, that encodes a particular amino acid.

A

codon

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44
Q

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

A

codon

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45
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA in bacteria and eukaryotes?

A

In RNA, uracil replaces thymine

RNA is single-stranded

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46
Q

are functional biomolecules in cells formed from one or more long chains of amino acids.

A

proteins

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47
Q

_______ RNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome.

A

transfer

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48
Q

The “blueprint” information for the production of proteins is permanently encoded in sections of

A

DNA

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49
Q

Which molecule contains the codons for the polypeptide?

A

mRNA

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50
Q

The specific order of amino acids bound to each other by peptide bonds represents the _____ structure of a protein.

A

primary

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51
Q

True or false: Proteins contribute to the phenotype of an organism.

A

true

52
Q

The ribosome, composed of rRNA and protein, is involved in the process of

A

translation

53
Q

Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base

A

uracil

54
Q

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?

A

Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template

55
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

Brings amino acids to the ribosome

56
Q

_____ RNA contains the codons for the polypeptide.

A

messenger

57
Q

What is the correct order of events in transcription?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
58
Q

Which of the following describes the primary structure of a protein?

A

The chain of amino acids bound by peptide bonds.

59
Q

The prokaryotic ribosome is composed of ______ and protein.

A

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

60
Q

RNA polymerase binds to the _____ region to initiate transcription.

A

promoter

61
Q

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is

A

RNA polymerase.

62
Q

During transcription, RNA is built using RNA polymerase. DNA polymerase is involved in replication of DNA.

A
63
Q

Transcription involves initiation, _____ , and termination.

A

elongation

64
Q

True or false: Several codons code for the same amino acid, which is called the redundancy of the code.

A

true

65
Q

If a codon of mRNA reads 5’-UUG-3’, the tRNA that delivers the amino acid to this location during translation will have an anticodon of 3’-_____-5’.

A

AAC

66
Q

What amino acid sequence is encoded by the DNA template sequence 3’-TACCGCGCTCTACCG-5’? (Look up the genetic code figure in your textbook.)

A

Methionine-Alanine-Arginine-Aspartic Acid-Glycine

67
Q

The mRNA sequence AUG, specifying the first amino acid in protein sequences, is called the

A

start codon

68
Q

The first three events of translation in the correct order are ____,____,____ followed by protein folding and processing.

A

initiation
elongation
termination

69
Q

True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.

A

true

70
Q

The _____ of the genetic code results in several codons encoding the same amino acid.

A

redundancy or degeneracy

71
Q

_____ mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.

A

Spontaneous

72
Q

If the DNA sequence is known the mRNA codon can be surmised.

A
73
Q

If a codon is known, the anticodon and the amino acid sequence can be determined.

A
74
Q

The ____ of a tRNA is complimentary to a _____ of mRNA.

A

anticodon
codon

75
Q

What type of DNA mutation occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens?

A

induced

76
Q

Which template DNA sequence encodes the peptide sequence phenylalanine-leucine-aspartic acid-valine? (Look up the genetic code figure in your textbook)

A

3’-AAAAACCTACAT-5’

77
Q

An agent that induces changes in DNA is a(n)

A

mutagen

78
Q

The _____ codon AUG of mRNA is associated with the tRNA anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine.

A

start

79
Q

The main effect of ultraviolet radiation on DNA is abnormal bonding between adjacent ________.

A

pyrimidines

80
Q

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n)

A

mutation

81
Q

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations.

A

point

82
Q

A ______ mutation results in early termination of the protein.

A

nonsense

83
Q

A missense mutation encodes a functional

A

amino acid

84
Q

A silent mutation changes the

A

DNA sequence

85
Q

A _____ mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results.

A

missense

86
Q

Which is an agent that induces changes in DNA?

A

mutagen

87
Q

Which mutation changes an amino acid producing codon into a stop codon?

A

Nonsense

88
Q

What is the main effect of ultraviolet radiation on DNA?

A

Abnormal bonding between adjacent pyrimidines

89
Q

A _____ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides in multiples of 1 or 2, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.

A

frameshift mutation

90
Q

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of no more than a few bases are referred to as

A

point mutations

91
Q

Which type of mutation is generally most harmful to cells?

A

Frameshift mutation

92
Q

What is the result of a point mutation that changes a template gene sequence from 3’-TACGCCATATAT-5’ to 3’-TACGCCATCTAT-5’?

A

Nonsense mutation

93
Q

True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells.

A

false

94
Q

Which type of mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein?

A

Missense

95
Q

A _____ mutation changes an amino-acid-producing codon into a stop codon, leading to premature termination of a protein.

A

nonsense

96
Q

Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?

A

Recombination

97
Q

True or false: A point mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, and always leads to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.

A

false

98
Q

A frameshift mutation involves a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.

A
99
Q

A recombinant is any organism that has

A

acquired genes that originated in another organism.

100
Q

_____ mutations are generally most harmful to cells because they cause the greatest change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.

A

frameshift

101
Q

What is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes?

A

plasmid

102
Q

A small number of _____ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.

A

mutations

103
Q

R factors are specifically associated with which mechanism of recombination?

A

Conjugation

104
Q

R factors are plasmids that carry resistance genes through conjugation

A
105
Q

_____ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.

A

conjugation

106
Q

_____ refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

A

Recombination

107
Q

Conjugation in gram-negative cells is directed by a plasmid called the

A

fertility factor

108
Q

A(n) _______ is any organism that has acquired genes that originated in another organism.

A

recombinant

109
Q

True or false: A cell with an integrated F factor transmits its genes at lower frequency than does a cell with a free plasmid in the cytoplasm.

A

false

110
Q

Cells with integrated plasmids are denoted as Hfr, or high frequency recombination, for their ability to transmit chromosomal genes at higher rates than other cells.

A
111
Q

A _____ is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.

A

plasmid

112
Q

True or false: R-factors or “resistance factors” can be shared between bacteria through conjugation to help them survive the effects of antibiotics.

A

true , The “R” in R-factor stands for resistance, referring to resistance to antibiotics.

113
Q

During which method of gene transfer are bacterial cells in direct contact?

A

conjugation

114
Q

During transformation, competent recipient cells can uptake free DNA from the environment

A
115
Q

During transduction, bacteriophages carry DNA from donor to recipient bacterial cells

A
116
Q

Griffith’s experiment using Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrated the process of _______.

A

transformation

117
Q

True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process.

A

false

118
Q

What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells?

A

f factor

119
Q

_____ involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells.

A

transformation

120
Q

How do an Hfr cell and an F+ cell differ?

A

The plasmid is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in an F+ cell.

121
Q

Which type of plasmids confer the ability of an organism to survive treatment by antibiotics?

A

R factors

122
Q

_____ involves the transfer of DNA via bacteriophages.

A

transduction

123
Q

What did Griffith’s experiment using Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrate?

A

That two different strains of S. pneumoniae transformed into a third unique and virulent strain

124
Q

A ________ serves as the vector for transduction in bacteria.

A

phage

125
Q

Which recombination method involves transfer of DNA via bacteriophages?

A

Transduction

126
Q

Transduction occurs through

A

a bacteriophage.

Microbiology (8 decks)

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