Smartbook CH. 13 Flashcards
The normal bacterial inhabitants of the human body can be referred to as:
resident microbiota
indigenous microflora
normal flora
normal microbiota
commensals
The pathologic state involving the disruption and destruction of tissues by microbes is referred to as a(n) ________ disease.
infectious
The human body usually supports resident biota in which of the following areas?
Tissues with contact to outside
Body fluids in exposed body cavities
Which locations are well-established sites harboring resident microbiota?
External genitals
Upper respiratory tract
Various parts of gastrointestinal tract
External ear canal
Hosts with compromised ________ systems can easily be infected by resident biota.
immune
Which term is NOT used to refer to the normal microbes that inhabit the human body and usually do not cause disease?
Transient biota
Any damage or toxicity to the body caused by a pathogen is known as ________ disease.
infectious
________ are beneficial, nonpathogenic microbes that can be ingested to re-establish normal microbiota.
Probiotics
Which general area of the body does NOT support resident biota?
Internal body fluids
Which general area of the body does support resident biota?
Body fluids in exposed body cavities
The skin and external mucosa
Tissues with contact to the outside
A _____ pathogen is a biological agent that is capable of causing infection and disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.
true
Which body sites usually do have a resident microbial population?
Gastrointestinal tract
Upper respiratory tract
Vagina
Many resident microbiota have the potential to cause _____ if the microorganisms spread beyond their natural microhabitat within the body or if the host’s immune system is compromised.
infection
Pathogens that do not usually cause disease unless the host’s immune system is weakened or compromised in some way are known as _________ pathogens.
opportunistic
Which of the following steps is required for a microbe to establish itself in a host?
Survive host defenses
Enter the host through a portal of entry
Attach firmly to host tissue
A microbe or mixture of microbes known as ______ are used to balance the normal flora and prevent infection.
probiotics
To cause actual damage to a host, a microbe must ______.
induce an injurious immune response
produce toxins that destroy tissue
Biological agents that can cause disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses are known as ________ pathogens.
true
Which locations are well-established sites harboring resident microbiota?
Upper respiratory tract
External genitals
External ear canal
Various parts of gastrointestinal tract
An infectious agent that originates from outside of the body is called ______.
exogenous
To establish itself in a host, a microbe must ______.
be able to adhere to host tissue
utilize a portal of entry
survive immune system defenses
Which step is directly required to cause actual damage to the host?
Produce toxins that destroy host tissues
Induce a host immune response that causes damage to the host
The route a pathogen uses to get into the human host is called the
portal of entry
Of the following, the two that are most likely examples of endogenous infections are ______ and ______.
a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle
a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin
Which body sites usually do NOT have a resident microbial population?
Muscles
Inner ear canal
The main portals of entry include ______.
Gastrointestinal tract
Respiratory tract
Skin
Urogenital tract
An infectious agent that originates from outside the body, such as from the environment or another organism, is referred to as
exogenous
Which of the following is a means by which pathogens enter the skin?
Breaks in the skin
Bites of other organisms
Contaminated needles
Digestive enzymes of microorganisms creating a passageway
To cause actual damage to a host, a microbe must ______.
produce toxins that destroy tissue
induce an injurious immune response
An infectious agent that already exists on or in the human body is referred to as a(n) ______ agent.
endogenous
The gastrointestinal tract is the portal of entry for pathogens contained in ______ substances.
ingested
To establish itself in a host, a microbe must ______.
survive immune system defenses
be able to adhere to host tissue
utilize a portal of entry
Microbes with ______ infectious doses are usually more virulent.
small
The infectious dose is the _____ _____ of microbes required for an infection to proceed.
minimum number
Virulence factors fall into three categories:
antiphagocytic
exo-enzymes
toxins
Toxins can lead to _____
toxemia
A pathogen can directly damage its host by secreting
exoenzymes
toxins
A nosocomial disease is a disease that is acquired while being treated in a
hospital
A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that has a poisonous effect on other organisms is a(n) ________.
toxin
Generally speaking, organisms with higher infectious doses have
______ virulence.
smaller, low, lower, less
What is the minimum number of microbes that must enter the body to cause infection?
Infectious dose
Effective dose is a pharmacological term for
smallest amount of a substance required to produce a measurable effect in an organism
Lethal dose is the minimum number of a microbe that must enter the body in order to
kill the host.
Equivalent dose is a medical term for a measure of
radiation dosage to tissue.
Which are categories of virulence factors?
exoenzymes
antiphagocytic effects
toxins
A toxinosis caused by the ingestion of toxins is called
intoxication
Toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection are called ________
toxemias
A pathogen can directly damage its host by
Secretion of toxins
Secretion of exoenzymes
A toxin (usually a protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n) ________.
exotoxin
Exoenzymes are enzymes that
break down and inflict damage on tissues.
A toxoid is an
inactivated toxin.
Endotoxin (LPS) is a toxic component of the gram-negative outer membrane that is released upon damage or
lysis of the cell.
A _____ is a product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms.
toxin
In what ways do exotoxins usually affect host cells?
Damaging the cell membrane
Disrupting intracellular function
Causing lysis of cell
Some microbes can produce an exotoxin called _____ which can induce the lysis of red blood cells.
hemolysin
Ingestion of a bacterial toxin causes a toxinosis known as ________.
intoxication
A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n)
exotoxin
When bacteria are grown on _____ agar plates, the production of hemolysins results in the appearance of clear zones in the agar surrounding the bacterial colonies.
blood agar plates
A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n) ______.
endotoxin
Enterotoxins are exotoxins that target the
intestines
Exotoxins are actively secreted by
bacteria
Which type of toxins have effects on a specific cell type?
exotoxin
Which of the following is a typical effect of exotoxins on target cells?
Damage the cell membrane
Initiate lysis of the cell
Disrupt intracellular functions such as protein synthesis
Put the stages of infection in order starting with the first stage at the top.
- Incubation period
- Prodromal stage
- Period of Invasion
- Convalescent period
(InProPerCon)
________ are a type of bacterial exotoxin that disrupt the cell membrane of red blood cells.
Hemolysins
A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there.
localized
A systemic infection invades many compartments and organs via the
bloodstream
An acute infection is characterized by a rapid onset and short
duration
A toxinosis caused by the ingestion of toxins is called
intoxication
What appears when bacteria growing on blood agar produce hemolysins?
Clear zones in agar
When several different pathogens interact simultaneously at the infection site, a(n) _____ infection occurs.
mixed
have systemic effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and shock
endotoxins
have effects on a specific cell type
exotoxins
The term ______ infection is used to refer to the initial infection in a previously healthy individual, which can later be complicated by an additional infection caused by a different microbe.
primary
A _____ infection is an infection that occurs as a complication of a pre-existing one.
secondary
An infection that remains confined to the initial infection site is called a(n)
localized infection
An infection characterized by rapid onset with severe but short-lived effects is a(n)
acute infection
Which of the following are examples of systemic infections, or those that spread to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream?
AIDS
Typhoid fever
A(n) ______ infection occurs when several infectious agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site.
mixed
A(n) ______ infection is characterized as an infection that progresses and persists over a long period of time.
chronic
A _____ is an objective assessment of disease
sign
A _____ is the subjective assessment perceived by the patient.
symptom
Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation?
Pain
Soreness
Which are SIGNS of inflammation?
edema
granulomas
abscesses
lymphadenitis
A(n) ________ is defined as a wound, injury, or some other pathologic change in the tissue.
lesion
A sequela is a morbid complication that follows a disease.
true
An infection is a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms are multiplying in the body.
true
A disease is a deviation from the healthy state, such as when the effects of microbial infection damage or disrupt tissues and organs.
true
Which of the following are considered to be signs of blood infection?
Leukopenia
Microbes in blood
Leukocytosis
is a decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells. This IS considered to be a sign of possible infection.
Leukopenia
is a decrease in number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood and is NOT considered to be a sign of infection.
anemia
is a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood and is NOT considered to be a a sign of infection.
Thrombopenia
is an increase in the number of circulating white blood cells. This IS considered to be a sign of possible infection.
Leukocytosis
Which of the following are generally more precise?
signs
The SYMPTOMS of inflammation include _____.
pain
soreness
SIGNS of inflammation include
edema, the accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue.
A wound, injury, or other noticeable sign of infection or disease is defined as a(n)
lesion
A systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood is described as
septicemia
True or false: An infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue is referred to as asymptomatic.
true
True or false: Subclinical implies that a medical examiner cannot see any signs of disease.
true
Asymptomatic implies that symptoms are not measurable or even noticeable to the patient
true
It is common for infections to produce no noticeable symptoms. Infections of this nature are called
asymptomatic
subclinical
inapparent
Which are SIGNS of inflammation?
Lymphadenitis
Edema
Abscesses
Symptoms of inflammation
redness
pain
soreness
swelling
______ is the presence of multiplying microbes in circulating blood.
Septicemia
In most cases, pathogens leave the host through all of these
excretion
sloughing
discharge
secretion
A state of inactive infection is called ______.
latency
A reservoir is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes.
Sequelae is long-term or permanent damage to tissue or organs resulting from a disease.
A pathogen is considered unsuccessful if it does not have a specific ________.
portal of exit
If an infectious agent is _____ during a latent infection, then the disease can be transmitted to others.
shed or released
In most cases, pathogens leave the host via the portal of exit through:
Discharge
Secretion
Excretion
Sloughing
Some diseases leave ______ in the form of long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs after the course of the infection.
sequelae
A morbid complication that follows a disease
sequela
When a virus persists inside the host in an inactive state, this is specifically referred to as
latency
_____ is the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations.
Epidemiology
A ______ is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes.
reservoir
A ______ is the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired.
source
A person harboring a persistent infectious agent ________ shed the agent during the latent stage.
may or may not
An individual who has been infected and are apparently healthy but continue to spread infection are known as ________ carriers.
asymptomatic
The majority of vectors are
arthropods
Which of the following statements regarding zoonosis is true?
Human are usually dead-end hosts in zoonotic infections.
A disease is considered _____ when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host.
communicable
contagious
transmissible
A disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact, is referred to as
contagious
An infectious disease that does not arrive through transmission of an infectious agent from host to host is referred to as ______.
noncommunicable
Nosocomial means acquired while being treated in a hospital.
true
A disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact, is referred to as contagious.
contagious
A disease that is communicable can be transmitted from an infected host to an uninfected host.
communicable
Which of the following is a term used to describe the “type” of transmission of a pathogen from one person to another, not including those transmitted from mother to fetus?
Horizontal
In zoonotic infections, the first human host usually serves as an index case for a large epidemic.
false
Human are usually dead-end hosts in zoonotic infections.
true
True or false: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host and establish infection in that host.
true
Which of the following is the term used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from the mother, across the placenta, to the baby?
Vertical transmission
A _________ disease is an infectious disease that does not arise from host to host transmission.
noncommunicable
Directly transferred
Between skin or mucous membrane
Fine droplets from sneezing or coughing
______ transmission is a term used to describe the direct or indirect transmission of a pathogen through a population.
horizontal transmission
Transmission of infectious agents from host to host with the involvement of an intermediate inanimate material is considered to be ______ transmission.
indirect
The general term for an inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is a(n)
vehicle
A common vehicle or source:
single material that serves as the source of infection
e.g. food, water, biological products like blood, serum and tissue; and fomites.
Which are examples of direct transmission?
Droplet contact
Sexual intercourse
A(n) ________ is an inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens.
fomite
An inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is called a(n) ______.
vehicle
Which of the following sources is a usual source of food contamination?
Mechanical vector
Handler
Soil
A person with feces on their hands handles food and transmits it to another person who ingests the contaminated food. This is referred to as the
oral-fecal route
A ______ vehicle is a single material that serves as the course of infection for many individuals, such as a contaminated water source.
common vehicle
Which types of transmission involve air as the vehicle?
Aerosols
Droplet nuclei
Which are NOT examples of direct transmission?
Contaminated vehicles
Droplet nuclei
Aerosol formation
Which are examples of direct transmission?
Vertical transmission
Droplet contact
Any inanimate object that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease when contacted by an infected individual is called a(n)
fomite
A _____ is an inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens.
fomite
_____ _____ are dried residues of mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that can contain a bacterium and remain airborne for a long time.
droplet nuclei
_____ are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens, whereas droplets are dried microscopic residues ejected from the mouth and nose.
aerosols
The ________ route of indirect transmission in which a fecal carrier of disease contaminates food or drink during food handling, passing it on to those who consume it.
fecal-oral
The collection and keeping of data for a large number of diseases seen by the medical community and reportable to public health authorities is called ________.
surveillance
The types of transmission that involve air as a vehicle are
droplet nuclei
aerosols
Which are examples of direct transmission?
Sexual intercourse
Droplet contact
The dried residue of fine droplets produced by mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that are large enough to bear a single bacterium and small enough to remain airborne for a long time are called ______.
droplet nuclei
By law, a _____ disease must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.
notifiable
reportable
Suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens are called “aerosols”.
true
“Droplets” are dried microscopic residues created when microscopic pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from the mouth and nose.
true
In the field of epidemiology, the collection and analysis of data on the occurrence, mortality and transmission of infection for a large number of diseases is referred to as
surveillance
The international agency in charge of keeping track of infectious diseases is called the
World Health Organization
Which types of transmission involve air as the vehicle?
Droplet nuclei
Aerosols
The total number of cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is referred to as the ______ of the disease.
prevalence
is a measure of the number of new cases of a disease over a specified period of time with respect to the entire population (in a defined geographical area).
Incidence
is a measure of the total number of deaths in a population from a specific disease.
mortality rate
is a measure of the total number of person in a population afflicted with specific disease.
Morbidity rate
Which are NOT examples of direct transmission?
Droplet nuclei
Aerosol formation
Contaminated vehicles
Which ARE examples of direct transmission?
Droplet contact
Vertical transmission
A(n) ______ disease is a disease that must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.
reportable
The total number of new cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is referred to as the ______ of the disease.
incidence
Disease _____ is the total number of cases of a particular disease within the entire population.
prevalence
An infectious disease that has a steady frequency in a particular geographical location over a long period of time is referred to as __________ to that region.
endemic
Which are examples of direct transmission?
Sexual intercourse
Droplet contact
An infectious disease with occasional new cases reported in random locales at irregular intervals is said to be ______.
sporadic
Disease _____ measures the number of new cases over a given time period.
Incidence
An infectious disease with a prevalence greater than expected for a population is said to be ______.
epidemic
A pandemic is the spread of an epidemic across continents.
true
An endemic disease is present in a population at a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time.
true
The number of persons in a population who are afflicted with a particular disease is referred to as the ______ rate.
morbidity
Compared to an outbreak, an epidemic would be on a ______ scale and in a ______ area.
larger, more extended
A(n) ________ disease is an infectious disease that is present in a population at a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time.
endemic
Which type of epidemic occurs when all cases come from exposure to the same source which continues to infect others over time, such as from a restaurant worker with poor hygiene?
common-source epidemic
The total number of new cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is referred to as the ______ of the disease.
incidence
The index case is the ______.
first case that brings an infection to the attention of medical authorities
To identify the microbe that is causing an infection, which actions are required by Koch’s postulates?
Expose a healthy laboratory animal to the microbe and observe the effects of the same disease
Find evidence for the same microbe in every case
Isolate the suspected microbe and cultivate it in the laboratory
Re-isolate the same microbe from laboratory animals with the disease
an outbreak is usually on a ______ scale and in a ______ area.
smaller, more limited
An infection that develops while being treated at a hospital or medical facility is called a health-care
health-care-associated infection
Which type of infection has occurred when an infectious agent comes from a single source and affects many individuals nearly simultaneously, as when everyone at a barbecue becomes ill?
point-source epidemic
Which factor decreases the likelihood of healthcare-associated infections?
Surgical and medical asepsis
The first case to bring an infection to the attention of medical authorities is called the
index case
Which are common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections?
Resident biota infections
Fomite (objects or materials) transmission
Infections of damaged tissue
Using Koch’s postulates, a microbe cultured from a human patient is used to infect a healthy laboratory animal. A pure culture of a microbe is recovered from the animal once the infection takes hold. To satisfy Koch’s postulates, the microbe from the patient and the microbe from the laboratory animal must
be the same.
Which of the following represent common sites for health-care-associated infections?
Surgical incisions
GI tract
Skin
Blood
Urinary tract
Respiratory tract
Which type of epidemic occurs when a disease is transmitted from person to person, such as from a professor to students and then from those students to students in other classes?
propagated epidemic
Which factors increase the likelihood of healthcare-associated infections?
Reusable treatment devices
Immunocompromised population
Devices that remain in the patient
Which IS a common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections?
Resident biota infections
Aerosol transmission
Fomite transmission
Direct contact with persons
Infections of damaged tissue
_____ asepsis involves practices that lower the microbial load in patients, workers and the hospital environment.
medical
Which of the following IS a common site for health-care-associated infections?
Skin
Urinary tract
Respiratory tract
GI tract
Universal precautions are designed to protect ______.
both workers and patients
Which type of epidemic occurs when all cases come from exposure to the same source which continues to infect others over time
common-source epidemic
Which factor decreases the likelihood of healthcare-associated infections?
Surgical and medical asepsis
_____ involves practices that lower the microbial load in patients, workers and the hospital environment
medical asepsis
