Smartbook CH. 13 Flashcards
1
Q
The normal bacterial inhabitants of the human body can be referred to as:
A
resident microbiota
indigenous microflora
normal flora
normal microbiota
commensals
2
Q
The pathologic state involving the disruption and destruction of tissues by microbes is referred to as a(n) ________ disease.
A
infectious
3
Q
The human body usually supports resident biota in which of the following areas?
A
Tissues with contact to outside
Body fluids in exposed body cavities
4
Q
Which locations are well-established sites harboring resident microbiota?
A
External genitals
Upper respiratory tract
Various parts of gastrointestinal tract
External ear canal
5
Q
Hosts with compromised ________ systems can easily be infected by resident biota.
A
immune
6
Q
Which term is NOT used to refer to the normal microbes that inhabit the human body and usually do not cause disease?
A
Transient biota
7
Q
Any damage or toxicity to the body caused by a pathogen is known as ________ disease.
A
infectious
8
Q
________ are beneficial, nonpathogenic microbes that can be ingested to re-establish normal microbiota.
A
Probiotics
9
Q
Which general area of the body does NOT support resident biota?
A
Internal body fluids
10
Q
Which general area of the body does support resident biota?
A
Body fluids in exposed body cavities
The skin and external mucosa
Tissues with contact to the outside
11
Q
A _____ pathogen is a biological agent that is capable of causing infection and disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.
A
true
12
Q
Which body sites usually do have a resident microbial population?
A
Gastrointestinal tract
Upper respiratory tract
Vagina
13
Q
Many resident microbiota have the potential to cause _____ if the microorganisms spread beyond their natural microhabitat within the body or if the host’s immune system is compromised.
A
infection
14
Q
Pathogens that do not usually cause disease unless the host’s immune system is weakened or compromised in some way are known as _________ pathogens.
A
opportunistic
15
Q
Which of the following steps is required for a microbe to establish itself in a host?
A
Survive host defenses
Enter the host through a portal of entry
Attach firmly to host tissue
16
Q
A microbe or mixture of microbes known as ______ are used to balance the normal flora and prevent infection.
A
probiotics
17
Q
To cause actual damage to a host, a microbe must ______.
A
induce an injurious immune response
produce toxins that destroy tissue
18
Q
Biological agents that can cause disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses are known as ________ pathogens.
A
true
19
Q
Which locations are well-established sites harboring resident microbiota?
A
Upper respiratory tract
External genitals
External ear canal
Various parts of gastrointestinal tract
20
Q
An infectious agent that originates from outside of the body is called ______.
A
exogenous
21
Q
To establish itself in a host, a microbe must ______.
A
be able to adhere to host tissue
utilize a portal of entry
survive immune system defenses
22
Q
Which step is directly required to cause actual damage to the host?
A
Produce toxins that destroy host tissues
Induce a host immune response that causes damage to the host
23
Q
The route a pathogen uses to get into the human host is called the
A
portal of entry
24
Q
Of the following, the two that are most likely examples of endogenous infections are ______ and ______.
A
a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle
a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin
25
Which body sites usually do NOT have a resident microbial population?
Muscles
Inner ear canal
26
The main portals of entry include ______.
Gastrointestinal tract
Respiratory tract
Skin
Urogenital tract
27
An infectious agent that originates from outside the body, such as from the environment or another organism, is referred to as
exogenous
28
Which of the following is a means by which pathogens enter the skin?
Breaks in the skin
Bites of other organisms
Contaminated needles
Digestive enzymes of microorganisms creating a passageway
29
To cause actual damage to a host, a microbe must ______.
produce toxins that destroy tissue
induce an injurious immune response
30
An infectious agent that already exists on or in the human body is referred to as a(n) ______ agent.
endogenous
31
The gastrointestinal tract is the portal of entry for pathogens contained in ______ substances.
ingested
32
To establish itself in a host, a microbe must ______.
survive immune system defenses
be able to adhere to host tissue
utilize a portal of entry
33
Microbes with ______ infectious doses are usually more virulent.
small
34
The infectious dose is the _____ _____ of microbes required for an infection to proceed.
minimum number
35
Virulence factors fall into three categories:
antiphagocytic
exo-enzymes
toxins
36
Toxins can lead to _____
toxemia
37
A pathogen can directly damage its host by secreting
exoenzymes
toxins
38
A nosocomial disease is a disease that is acquired while being treated in a
hospital
39
A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that has a poisonous effect on other organisms is a(n) ________.
toxin
40
Generally speaking, organisms with higher infectious doses have
______ virulence.
smaller, low, lower, less
41
What is the minimum number of microbes that must enter the body to cause infection?
Infectious dose
42
Effective dose is a pharmacological term for
smallest amount of a substance required to produce a measurable effect in an organism
43
Lethal dose is the minimum number of a microbe that must enter the body in order to
kill the host.
44
Equivalent dose is a medical term for a measure of
radiation dosage to tissue.
45
Which are categories of virulence factors?
exoenzymes
antiphagocytic effects
toxins
46
A toxinosis caused by the ingestion of toxins is called
intoxication
47
Toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection are called ________
toxemias
48
A pathogen can directly damage its host by
Secretion of toxins
Secretion of exoenzymes
49
A toxin (usually a protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n) ________.
exotoxin
50
Exoenzymes are enzymes that
break down and inflict damage on tissues.
51
A toxoid is an
inactivated toxin.
52
Endotoxin (LPS) is a toxic component of the gram-negative outer membrane that is released upon damage or
lysis of the cell.
53
A _____ is a product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms.
toxin
54
In what ways do exotoxins usually affect host cells?
Damaging the cell membrane
Disrupting intracellular function
Causing lysis of cell
55
Some microbes can produce an exotoxin called _____ which can induce the lysis of red blood cells.
hemolysin
56
Ingestion of a bacterial toxin causes a toxinosis known as ________.
intoxication
57
A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n)
exotoxin
58
When bacteria are grown on _____ agar plates, the production of hemolysins results in the appearance of clear zones in the agar surrounding the bacterial colonies.
blood agar plates
59
A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n) ______.
endotoxin
60
Enterotoxins are exotoxins that target the
intestines
61
Exotoxins are actively secreted by
bacteria
62
Which type of toxins have effects on a specific cell type?
exotoxin
63
Which of the following is a typical effect of exotoxins on target cells?
Damage the cell membrane
Initiate lysis of the cell
Disrupt intracellular functions such as protein synthesis
64
Put the stages of infection in order starting with the first stage at the top.
1. Incubation period
2. Prodromal stage
3. Period of Invasion
4. Convalescent period
(InProPerCon)
65
________ are a type of bacterial exotoxin that disrupt the cell membrane of red blood cells.
Hemolysins
66
A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there.
localized
67
A systemic infection invades many compartments and organs via the
bloodstream
68
An acute infection is characterized by a rapid onset and short
duration
69
A toxinosis caused by the ingestion of toxins is called
intoxication
70
What appears when bacteria growing on blood agar produce hemolysins?
Clear zones in agar
71
When several different pathogens interact simultaneously at the infection site, a(n) _____ infection occurs.
mixed
72
have systemic effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and shock
endotoxins
73
have effects on a specific cell type
exotoxins
74
The term ______ infection is used to refer to the initial infection in a previously healthy individual, which can later be complicated by an additional infection caused by a different microbe.
primary
75
A _____ infection is an infection that occurs as a complication of a pre-existing one.
secondary
76
An infection that remains confined to the initial infection site is called a(n)
localized infection
77
An infection characterized by rapid onset with severe but short-lived effects is a(n)
acute infection
78
Which of the following are examples of systemic infections, or those that spread to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream?
AIDS
Typhoid fever
79
A(n) ______ infection occurs when several infectious agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site.
mixed
80
A(n) ______ infection is characterized as an infection that progresses and persists over a long period of time.
chronic
81
A _____ is an objective assessment of disease
sign
82
A _____ is the subjective assessment perceived by the patient.
symptom
83
Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation?
Pain
Soreness
84
Which are SIGNS of inflammation?
edema
granulomas
abscesses
lymphadenitis
85
A(n) ________ is defined as a wound, injury, or some other pathologic change in the tissue.
lesion
86
A sequela is a morbid complication that follows a disease.
true
87
An infection is a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms are multiplying in the body.
true
88
A disease is a deviation from the healthy state, such as when the effects of microbial infection damage or disrupt tissues and organs.
true
89
Which of the following are considered to be signs of blood infection?
Leukopenia
Microbes in blood
Leukocytosis
90
is a decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells. This IS considered to be a sign of possible infection.
Leukopenia
91
is a decrease in number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood and is NOT considered to be a sign of infection.
anemia
92
is a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood and is NOT considered to be a a sign of infection.
Thrombopenia
93
is an increase in the number of circulating white blood cells. This IS considered to be a sign of possible infection.
Leukocytosis
94
Which of the following are generally more precise?
signs
95
The SYMPTOMS of inflammation include _____.
pain
soreness
96
SIGNS of inflammation include
edema, the accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue.
97
A wound, injury, or other noticeable sign of infection or disease is defined as a(n)
lesion
98
A systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood is described as
septicemia
99
True or false: An infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue is referred to as asymptomatic.
true
100
True or false: Subclinical implies that a medical examiner cannot see any signs of disease.
true
101
Asymptomatic implies that symptoms are not measurable or even noticeable to the patient
true
102
It is common for infections to produce no noticeable symptoms. Infections of this nature are called
asymptomatic
subclinical
inapparent
103
Which are SIGNS of inflammation?
Lymphadenitis
Edema
Abscesses
104
Symptoms of inflammation
redness
pain
soreness
swelling
105
______ is the presence of multiplying microbes in circulating blood.
Septicemia
106
In most cases, pathogens leave the host through all of these
excretion
sloughing
discharge
secretion
107
A state of inactive infection is called ______.
latency
108
A reservoir is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes.
109
Sequelae is long-term or permanent damage to tissue or organs resulting from a disease.
110
A pathogen is considered unsuccessful if it does not have a specific ________.
portal of exit
111
If an infectious agent is _____ during a latent infection, then the disease can be transmitted to others.
shed or released
112
In most cases, pathogens leave the host via the portal of exit through:
Discharge
Secretion
Excretion
Sloughing
113
Some diseases leave ______ in the form of long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs after the course of the infection.
sequelae
114
A morbid complication that follows a disease
sequela
115
When a virus persists inside the host in an inactive state, this is specifically referred to as
latency
116
_____ is the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations.
Epidemiology
117
A ______ is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes.
reservoir
118
A ______ is the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired.
source
119
A person harboring a persistent infectious agent ________ shed the agent during the latent stage.
may or may not
120
An individual who has been infected and are apparently healthy but continue to spread infection are known as ________ carriers.
asymptomatic
121
The majority of vectors are
arthropods
122
Which of the following statements regarding zoonosis is true?
Human are usually dead-end hosts in zoonotic infections.
123
A disease is considered _____ when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host.
communicable
contagious
transmissible
124
A disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact, is referred to as
contagious
125
An infectious disease that does not arrive through transmission of an infectious agent from host to host is referred to as ______.
noncommunicable
126
Nosocomial means acquired while being treated in a hospital.
true
127
A disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact, is referred to as contagious.
contagious
128
A disease that is communicable can be transmitted from an infected host to an uninfected host.
communicable
129
Which of the following is a term used to describe the "type" of transmission of a pathogen from one person to another, not including those transmitted from mother to fetus?
Horizontal
130
In zoonotic infections, the first human host usually serves as an index case for a large epidemic.
false
131
Human are usually dead-end hosts in zoonotic infections.
true
132
True or false: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host and establish infection in that host.
true
133
Which of the following is the term used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from the mother, across the placenta, to the baby?
Vertical transmission
134
A _________ disease is an infectious disease that does not arise from host to host transmission.
noncommunicable
135
Directly transferred
Between skin or mucous membrane
Fine droplets from sneezing or coughing
136
______ transmission is a term used to describe the direct or indirect transmission of a pathogen through a population.
horizontal transmission
137
Transmission of infectious agents from host to host with the involvement of an intermediate inanimate material is considered to be ______ transmission.
indirect
138
The general term for an inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is a(n)
vehicle
139
A common vehicle or source:
single material that serves as the source of infection
e.g. food, water, biological products like blood, serum and tissue; and fomites.
140
Which are examples of direct transmission?
Droplet contact
Sexual intercourse
141
A(n) ________ is an inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens.
fomite
142
An inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is called a(n) ______.
vehicle
143
Which of the following sources is a usual source of food contamination?
Mechanical vector
Handler
Soil
144
A person with feces on their hands handles food and transmits it to another person who ingests the contaminated food. This is referred to as the
oral-fecal route
145
A ______ vehicle is a single material that serves as the course of infection for many individuals, such as a contaminated water source.
common vehicle
146
Which types of transmission involve air as the vehicle?
Aerosols
Droplet nuclei
147
Which are NOT examples of direct transmission?
Contaminated vehicles
Droplet nuclei
Aerosol formation
148
Which are examples of direct transmission?
Vertical transmission
Droplet contact
149
Any inanimate object that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease when contacted by an infected individual is called a(n)
fomite
150
A _____ is an inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens.
fomite
151
_____ _____ are dried residues of mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that can contain a bacterium and remain airborne for a long time.
droplet nuclei
152
_____ are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens, whereas droplets are dried microscopic residues ejected from the mouth and nose.
aerosols
153
The ________ route of indirect transmission in which a fecal carrier of disease contaminates food or drink during food handling, passing it on to those who consume it.
fecal-oral
154
The collection and keeping of data for a large number of diseases seen by the medical community and reportable to public health authorities is called ________.
surveillance
155
The types of transmission that involve air as a vehicle are
droplet nuclei
aerosols
156
Which are examples of direct transmission?
Sexual intercourse
Droplet contact
157
The dried residue of fine droplets produced by mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that are large enough to bear a single bacterium and small enough to remain airborne for a long time are called ______.
droplet nuclei
158
By law, a _____ disease must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.
notifiable
reportable
159
Suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens are called "aerosols".
true
160
"Droplets" are dried microscopic residues created when microscopic pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from the mouth and nose.
true
161
In the field of epidemiology, the collection and analysis of data on the occurrence, mortality and transmission of infection for a large number of diseases is referred to as
surveillance
162
The international agency in charge of keeping track of infectious diseases is called the
World Health Organization
163
Which types of transmission involve air as the vehicle?
Droplet nuclei
Aerosols
164
The total number of cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is referred to as the ______ of the disease.
prevalence
165
is a measure of the number of new cases of a disease over a specified period of time with respect to the entire population (in a defined geographical area).
Incidence
166
is a measure of the total number of deaths in a population from a specific disease.
mortality rate
167
is a measure of the total number of person in a population afflicted with specific disease.
Morbidity rate
168
Which are NOT examples of direct transmission?
Droplet nuclei
Aerosol formation
Contaminated vehicles
169
Which ARE examples of direct transmission?
Droplet contact
Vertical transmission
170
A(n) ______ disease is a disease that must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.
reportable
171
The total number of new cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is referred to as the ______ of the disease.
incidence
172
Disease _____ is the total number of cases of a particular disease within the entire population.
prevalence
173
An infectious disease that has a steady frequency in a particular geographical location over a long period of time is referred to as __________ to that region.
endemic
174
Which are examples of direct transmission?
Sexual intercourse
Droplet contact
175
An infectious disease with occasional new cases reported in random locales at irregular intervals is said to be ______.
sporadic
176
Disease _____ measures the number of new cases over a given time period.
Incidence
177
An infectious disease with a prevalence greater than expected for a population is said to be ______.
epidemic
178
A pandemic is the spread of an epidemic across continents.
true
179
An endemic disease is present in a population at a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time.
true
180
The number of persons in a population who are afflicted with a particular disease is referred to as the ______ rate.
morbidity
181
Compared to an outbreak, an epidemic would be on a ______ scale and in a ______ area.
larger, more extended
182
A(n) ________ disease is an infectious disease that is present in a population at a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time.
endemic
183
Which type of epidemic occurs when all cases come from exposure to the same source which continues to infect others over time, such as from a restaurant worker with poor hygiene?
common-source epidemic
184
The total number of new cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is referred to as the ______ of the disease.
incidence
185
The index case is the ______.
first case that brings an infection to the attention of medical authorities
186
To identify the microbe that is causing an infection, which actions are required by Koch's postulates?
Expose a healthy laboratory animal to the microbe and observe the effects of the same disease
Find evidence for the same microbe in every case
Isolate the suspected microbe and cultivate it in the laboratory
Re-isolate the same microbe from laboratory animals with the disease
187
an outbreak is usually on a ______ scale and in a ______ area.
smaller, more limited
188
An infection that develops while being treated at a hospital or medical facility is called a health-care
health-care-associated infection
189
Which type of infection has occurred when an infectious agent comes from a single source and affects many individuals nearly simultaneously, as when everyone at a barbecue becomes ill?
point-source epidemic
190
Which factor decreases the likelihood of healthcare-associated infections?
Surgical and medical asepsis
191
The first case to bring an infection to the attention of medical authorities is called the
index case
192
Which are common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections?
Resident biota infections
Fomite (objects or materials) transmission
Infections of damaged tissue
193
Using Koch's postulates, a microbe cultured from a human patient is used to infect a healthy laboratory animal. A pure culture of a microbe is recovered from the animal once the infection takes hold. To satisfy Koch's postulates, the microbe from the patient and the microbe from the laboratory animal must
be the same.
194
Which of the following represent common sites for health-care-associated infections?
Surgical incisions
GI tract
Skin
Blood
Urinary tract
Respiratory tract
195
Which type of epidemic occurs when a disease is transmitted from person to person, such as from a professor to students and then from those students to students in other classes?
propagated epidemic
196
Which factors increase the likelihood of healthcare-associated infections?
Reusable treatment devices
Immunocompromised population
Devices that remain in the patient
197
Which IS a common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections?
Resident biota infections
Aerosol transmission
Fomite transmission
Direct contact with persons
Infections of damaged tissue
198
_____ asepsis involves practices that lower the microbial load in patients, workers and the hospital environment.
medical
199
Which of the following IS a common site for health-care-associated infections?
Skin
Urinary tract
Respiratory tract
GI tract
200
Universal precautions are designed to protect ______.
both workers and patients
201
Which type of epidemic occurs when all cases come from exposure to the same source which continues to infect others over time
common-source epidemic
202
Which factor decreases the likelihood of healthcare-associated infections?
Surgical and medical asepsis
203
_____ involves practices that lower the microbial load in patients, workers and the hospital environment
medical asepsis
