Smartbook CH. 11 Microbiology Flashcards
The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause which of the following?
Disease
Food spoilage
Which microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?
bacterial endospores
Viruses, prions, and ____ are relatively resistant to heat.
endospores
Which two substances have proven effective against prions?
Hypochlorite
Sodium hydroxide
_____ is the general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.
decontamination
All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs EXCEPT?
Uniform populations of like microbes
Typical microbial populations targeted by antimicrobial drugs:
Microbes with variable pathogenic capabilities
Complex mixtures of microbes
Microbes with variable resistance
In sterilization, which of the following are removed or destroyed?
all microorganisms
Contaminants that can have far-reaching effects if not adequately controlled include:
Fungal hyphae and spores
Bacterial vegetative cells
Most sterilization is performed using a ______ agent, such as heat.
physical
Which of the following microbial forms are relatively resistant to heat?
Endospores
Viruses
Which of the following describes prions?
They are resistant to heat and chemicals.
Which of the following is the use of physical or chemical agents to destroy or remove most microbes from animate or inanimate surfaces
decontamination
Which process completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including
sterilization
Which of the following describe sterilization?
It is only necessary for certain groups of microbes.
It is generally reserved for inanimate objects.
Sterilization methods are usually reserved for which of the following?
inanimate objects
An agent that kills fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts is called a ____
fungicide
Which type of agent specifically destroys bacterial endospores?
Sporicide
_____ is the general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.
decontamination
True or false: Microbistatic antiseptics and drugs are used to control microorganisms in the body because microbicidal compounds can be toxic to the human body.
true
Which of the following describes sterilization of the skin?
It is highly dangerous and impractical.
Is any chemical agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms, can be used on inanimate materials or living tissues but cannot kill resistant microbial cells
germicide
A germicide usually cannot kill which of the following?
resistant cells
Which root indicates the ability to kill microorganisms?
-cide
What is the definition of sepsis?
growth of microorganisms in the blood or other tissues
A chemical agent that can destroy bacterial endospores and leave an inanimate object free of all life is known as which of the following?
sterilant
The root -_____ is used to indicate the inhibition of microbial growth.
static or stasis
Which of the following is the practical definition of microbial death?
Inability to reproduce
_____ kill non-endospore forming pathogenic microorganisms.
germicides
The concentration and action of the agent and the _____ and _____ of the environment are factors which may influence the action of antimicrobial agents.
pH and temperature
_____ is a term referring to a condition free of pathogenic microorganisms or a procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents.
asepsis
Agents that are highly selective in their targets are usually effective against a _____ range of microbes.
narrow
A virucide _____ viruses.
destroys
Which is the most prominent among antimicrobial physical agents?
Heat
The inability to _____ even under optimal growth conditions is the practical definition of microbial death.
reproduce
Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually ________, whereas lower temperatures are usually _________.
microbicidal
microbistatic
Which is typically the most resistant to heat?
bacterial endospores
Which factors can influence the action of antimicrobial agents?
Presence of interfering matter
Temperature of environment
Microbial load
Which are examples of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials?
Pasteurization
Boiling
Autoclaving
Agents that are least selective in their targets are usually effective against a _______ range of microbes.
wide
Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes?
Filtration
Radiation
Heat
Which are goals of pasteurization?
Retention of liquid qualities
Reduction of microbial load
When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed their maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as which of the following?
Microbicidal
Which of the following is the principal benefit of cold treatment?
Inhibition of microbial activity
All non-heat resistant forms of bacteria, yeasts, molds, protozoa, worms and viruses are destroyed by exposure to 80 C for which minimum amount of time?
20 minutes
Which explains why food items in the refrigerator eventually spoil?
Refrigerator temperature only slows the activity of most microbes.
_____ temperatures and desiccation cannot be reliably used for sterilization or disinfection.
low
The heat treatment of perishable liquids to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells and prevent infection and spoilage is called ____________.
pasteurization
_____ used for microbial control includes electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths.
radiation
Which of the following is a microorganism that can survive at low temperatures?
Psychrotroph
The bombarding of a substance by waves or particles for diagnosis, therapy, disinfection, or sterilization is referred to as ________.
irradiation
The disadvantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?
Safety for operators
Possible material damage
Advantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?
speed
high penetrating power
absence of heat
________ radiation is non-ionizing radiation that readily induces mutations.
ultraviolet
An agent’s effect on cells is known as its _____ of _____.
mode of action
The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as ____.
filtration
Radiation is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the
electromagnetic spectrum
Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called _____ solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol solutions are called _____.
aqueous
tinctures
_____ spectrum action is a desirable characteristic of a germicide.
broad
The advantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?
Rapid results
High penetration power
Which of the following can be high-level germicides?
Sterilants
Intermediate-level; germicides kill ____
fungal spores, resistant pathogens and viruses.
Low-levels of disinfection eliminate only _____
vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungal cells and some viruses.
_____ radiation is most lethal from 240 nm to 280 nm.
ultraviolet
The effect of a germicide is affected by the time of _____.
exposure
Antimicrobial chemicals can exist in what physical states?
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Which of the following materials require high-level germicides?
Invasive medical devices
The effect of a germicide is affected by which of the following factors?
Contamination with organic matter
Chemical action of germicide
Material being treated
Concentration of germicide
Time of exposure to germicide
Nature of microbial population
Identify any chemical agent used to control microbes.
Heavy metals
Detergents
Halogens
