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Microbiology > Smartbook CH. 11 Microbiology > Flashcards

Smartbook CH. 11 Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause which of the following?

A

Disease
Food spoilage

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2
Q

Which microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?

A

bacterial endospores

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3
Q

Viruses, prions, and ____ are relatively resistant to heat.

A

endospores

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4
Q

Which two substances have proven effective against prions?

A

Hypochlorite
Sodium hydroxide

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5
Q

_____ is the general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.

A

decontamination

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6
Q

All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs EXCEPT?

A

Uniform populations of like microbes

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7
Q

Typical microbial populations targeted by antimicrobial drugs:

A

Microbes with variable pathogenic capabilities

Complex mixtures of microbes

Microbes with variable resistance

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8
Q

In sterilization, which of the following are removed or destroyed?

A

all microorganisms

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9
Q

Contaminants that can have far-reaching effects if not adequately controlled include:

A

Fungal hyphae and spores
Bacterial vegetative cells

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10
Q

Most sterilization is performed using a ______ agent, such as heat.

A

physical

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11
Q

Which of the following microbial forms are relatively resistant to heat?

A

Endospores
Viruses

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12
Q

Which of the following describes prions?

A

They are resistant to heat and chemicals.

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13
Q

Which of the following is the use of physical or chemical agents to destroy or remove most microbes from animate or inanimate surfaces

A

decontamination

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14
Q

Which process completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including

A

sterilization

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15
Q

Which of the following describe sterilization?

A

It is only necessary for certain groups of microbes.

It is generally reserved for inanimate objects.

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16
Q

Sterilization methods are usually reserved for which of the following?

A

inanimate objects

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17
Q

An agent that kills fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts is called a ____

A

fungicide

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18
Q

Which type of agent specifically destroys bacterial endospores?

A

Sporicide

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19
Q

_____ is the general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.

A

decontamination

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20
Q

True or false: Microbistatic antiseptics and drugs are used to control microorganisms in the body because microbicidal compounds can be toxic to the human body.

A

true

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21
Q

Which of the following describes sterilization of the skin?

A

It is highly dangerous and impractical.

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22
Q

Is any chemical agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms, can be used on inanimate materials or living tissues but cannot kill resistant microbial cells

A

germicide

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23
Q

A germicide usually cannot kill which of the following?

A

resistant cells

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24
Q

Which root indicates the ability to kill microorganisms?

A

-cide

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25
Q

What is the definition of sepsis?

A

growth of microorganisms in the blood or other tissues

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26
Q

A chemical agent that can destroy bacterial endospores and leave an inanimate object free of all life is known as which of the following?

A

sterilant

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27
Q

The root -_____ is used to indicate the inhibition of microbial growth.

A

static or stasis

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28
Q

Which of the following is the practical definition of microbial death?

A

Inability to reproduce

29
Q

_____ kill non-endospore forming pathogenic microorganisms.

A

germicides

30
Q

The concentration and action of the agent and the _____ and _____ of the environment are factors which may influence the action of antimicrobial agents.

A

pH and temperature

31
Q

_____ is a term referring to a condition free of pathogenic microorganisms or a procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents.

A

asepsis

32
Q

Agents that are highly selective in their targets are usually effective against a _____ range of microbes.

A

narrow

33
Q

A virucide _____ viruses.

A

destroys

34
Q

Which is the most prominent among antimicrobial physical agents?

A

Heat

35
Q

The inability to _____ even under optimal growth conditions is the practical definition of microbial death.

A

reproduce

36
Q

Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually ________, whereas lower temperatures are usually _________.

A

microbicidal

microbistatic

37
Q

Which is typically the most resistant to heat?

A

bacterial endospores

38
Q

Which factors can influence the action of antimicrobial agents?

A

Presence of interfering matter
Temperature of environment
Microbial load

39
Q

Which are examples of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials?

A

Pasteurization

Boiling

Autoclaving

40
Q

Agents that are least selective in their targets are usually effective against a _______ range of microbes.

A

wide

41
Q

Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes?

A

Filtration

Radiation

Heat

42
Q

Which are goals of pasteurization?

A

Retention of liquid qualities

Reduction of microbial load

43
Q

When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed their maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as which of the following?

A

Microbicidal

44
Q

Which of the following is the principal benefit of cold treatment?

A

Inhibition of microbial activity

45
Q

All non-heat resistant forms of bacteria, yeasts, molds, protozoa, worms and viruses are destroyed by exposure to 80 C for which minimum amount of time?

A

20 minutes

46
Q

Which explains why food items in the refrigerator eventually spoil?

A

Refrigerator temperature only slows the activity of most microbes.

47
Q

_____ temperatures and desiccation cannot be reliably used for sterilization or disinfection.

A

low

48
Q

The heat treatment of perishable liquids to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells and prevent infection and spoilage is called ____________.

A

pasteurization

49
Q

_____ used for microbial control includes electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths.

A

radiation

50
Q

Which of the following is a microorganism that can survive at low temperatures?

A

Psychrotroph

51
Q

The bombarding of a substance by waves or particles for diagnosis, therapy, disinfection, or sterilization is referred to as ________.

A

irradiation

52
Q

The disadvantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?

A

Safety for operators

Possible material damage

53
Q

Advantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?

A

speed
high penetrating power
absence of heat

54
Q

________ radiation is non-ionizing radiation that readily induces mutations.

A

ultraviolet

55
Q

An agent’s effect on cells is known as its _____ of _____.

A

mode of action

56
Q

The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as ____.

A

filtration

57
Q

Radiation is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the

A

electromagnetic spectrum

58
Q

Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called _____ solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol solutions are called _____.

A

aqueous
tinctures

59
Q

_____ spectrum action is a desirable characteristic of a germicide.

A

broad

60
Q

The advantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?

A

Rapid results

High penetration power

61
Q

Which of the following can be high-level germicides?

A

Sterilants

62
Q

Intermediate-level; germicides kill ____

A

fungal spores, resistant pathogens and viruses.

63
Q

Low-levels of disinfection eliminate only _____

A

vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungal cells and some viruses.

64
Q

_____ radiation is most lethal from 240 nm to 280 nm.

A

ultraviolet

65
Q

The effect of a germicide is affected by the time of _____.

A

exposure

66
Q

Antimicrobial chemicals can exist in what physical states?

A

Gas

Liquid

Solid

67
Q

Which of the following materials require high-level germicides?

A

Invasive medical devices

68
Q

The effect of a germicide is affected by which of the following factors?

A

Contamination with organic matter

Chemical action of germicide

Material being treated

Concentration of germicide

Time of exposure to germicide

Nature of microbial population

69
Q

Identify any chemical agent used to control microbes.

A

Heavy metals

Detergents

Halogens

Microbiology (8 decks)

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