Smartbook CH. 7 Flashcards
1
Q
______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures
A
Nutrition
2
Q
all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell/organism to break down or build up molecules
A
Metabolism
3
Q
All living things have an absolute need for _____ , such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
A
bioelements
4
Q
Any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal, is termed a _______
A
micronutrient
5
Q
are chemical substances, such as sugars or amino acids, that are required in large quantities by cells.
A
macronutrients
6
Q
Micronutrients (zinc, manganese) that are required by cells in small amounts are termed
A
trace elements
7
Q
The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for the building blocks of cellular components and processes is
A
nutrition
8
Q
________ play an important role in enzyme function and protein structure.
A
Micronutrients
9
Q
List bioelements
A
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
carbon
10
Q
What term describes any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal?
A
Micronutrient
11
Q
Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are called
A
organic nutrients
12
Q
Which term describes chemical substances such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are required in large quantities by cells?
A
Macronutrient
13
Q
Nutrient sources for all living organisms can be acquired from
A
organic and inorganic compounds
14
Q
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are examples of ______ compounds
A
organic compounds
15
Q
The function of micronutrients, or trace elements is
A
maintenance of protein structure
proper enzyme function
16
Q
All living things have an absolute need for _____ , such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
A
bioelements
17
Q
Examples of _______ nutrients include magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate, carbon dioxide, and water.
A
inorganic
18
Q
Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen and are nearly always produced by living things are called ______ nutrients.
A
organic
19
Q
Which must acquire its chemical energy from some outside source?
A
Heterotroph
20
Q
Living organisms obtain nutrients from ________ sources.
A
both organic and inorganic sources
21
Q
Because cells cannot synthesize all 20 amino acids required for growth, these amino acids are termed ________ amino acids.
A
essential amino acids
22
Q
Which of the following are organic nutrients?
A
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Methane
Nucleic acids
23
Q
The energy source for phototrophs is the _______, while the energy source for chemotrophs is ________.
A
sun, chemical compounds
24
Q
Organic compounds are the carbon and energy source for heterotrophs.
A
true
25
An ______ nutrient is composed of an element or elements other than carbon and hydrogen.
inorganic nutrient
26
The principal energy-yielding pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called
aerobic respiration or cellular respiration
27
An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source is called a \_\_\_\_\_, while an organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form is referred to as a \_\_\_\_\_\_
autotroph , heterotroph
28
Microorganisms that are human pathogens are best described as which of the following nutritional types?
Heterotrophic
29
Microorganisms that are human pathogens are best described as which of the following nutritional types?
Heterotrophic
30
When a normally nonpathogenic saprobe causes infection in a compromised host, it is referred to as a
opportunistic pathogen
31
A _____ is any organism that obtains its nutrients from the cells or tissues by taking them from another living host.
parasite
32
Any microorganism that causes disease is a
pathogen
33
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves the complete breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
Aerobic respiration
34
The cell ______ is specialized to transport substances into and out of the cell.
cell membrane
35
Many gardeners practice composting, where leftover vegetable peels, leaves, and other organic matter is collected and turned into a rich, fertile soil. Which best describes the type of microbes in compost?
Saprophytic
36
By the process of ______ transport, molecules move through a cell membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy.
passive transport
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pathogens are usually nonpathogenic microbes that cause disease in a compromised host.
Opportunistic pathogens
38
Organisms that derive nutrients from the living hosts are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
parasites
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration.
osmosis
40
Membranes that only allow certain compounds into or out of the cell are called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
selective
41
Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell?
Cell membrane
42
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of a membrane is
isotonic
43
What term is used to describe the movement of molecules through a cell membrane without the need of an energy source?
Passive transport
44
If a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move?
Into the cell by osmosis
45
If a cell loses water after being placed into a particular solution, what is true regarding the osmolarity of the solution?
The solution is hypertonic relative to the cell.
46
Which term is used exclusively to describe water's movement across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
47
Bacterial cells placed in a solution where the concentration of solute within the cytoplasm is less than that of the extracellular solution would undergo \_\_\_\_\_\_.
plasmolysis (shrinkage)
48
A ______ permeable membrane can allow specific compounds into the cell and/or out of the cell.
selectively
49
The high ______ of a hypertonic environment causes water to diffuse out of a cell.
osmotic pressure
50
Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell?
Isotonic
51
Prior to refrigeration, salting was used to prevent microbial growth in foods by causing ______ in bacterial cells.
plasmolysis
52
Which type of solution will cause a cell to swell with water?
Hypotonic
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_ transport requires ATP, whereas ______ transport does not require cell energy expenditure.
active, passive
54
Which type of solution contains a higher concentration of solutes?
hypertonic
55
What term is used to describe the "best" temperature to support a microbe's growth?
Optimal temperature
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs to a bacterial cell when it loses water due to an environment that has far more solutes outside the cell compared to inside.
Plasmolysis
57
From which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?
Frozen food
58
The osmotic pressure of a hypertonic environment is ______ forcing water to diffuse ______ a cell.
high; out of
59
Microbes that can grow slowly in cold temperatures, but have optimum temperatures above 20°C, are called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
psychrotrophs
60
These require very cold temperatures, such as those below 15 C, as their optimum.
psychrophiles
61
Prior to refrigeration, how did salting prevent microbial growth in foods?
Osmotic pressure killed the bacteria
62
Because mesophilic bacteria have an optimal temperature of ___________ degrees Celsius (same as human body temperature), they are the largest group of medically important microorganisms.
37
63
Microorganisms that grow at intermediate temperatures—usually between 20 and 40 degrees C.
mesophile
64
Which of the following main categories of transport involves the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient?
active transport
65
Which type of microbes are a common contaminant of pasteurized or heated foods?
Thermoduric microbes
66
The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate is known as the cell's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
optimum temperature
67
Microorganisms that prefer hot environments in the range of 45°C to 80°C are called \_\_\_\_\_\_
thermophiles
68
Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions?
Psychrophile
69
prefer a temperature range between 20°C and 40°C
Mesophiles
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can grow in the cold and are able to cause food-borne illness, **but are not true psychrophiles**.
Psychrotrophs
Facultative psychrophiles
71
Choose the temperature range of most mesophilic microorganisms
20°C-40°C
72
Microorganisms that are normally mesophiles, but can handle short exposures to high temperatures are called
thermoduric microbes
73
Where would a thermophilic microorganism be found?
In natural hot springs
74
The two atmospheric gases that have the greatest impact on microbial growth are
oxygen and carbon dioxide
75
From which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?
Frozen food (below 20 C)
76
The enzyme ______ converts hydrogen peroxide formed during aerobic respiration to water and oxygen.
catalase or peroxidase
77
Microbes that can grow slowly in cold temperatures, but have optimum temperatures above 20°C, are called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
psychrotrophs
78
can grow from 10 to 50oC
Mesophiles
79
require very cold temperatures, such as those below 15oC
psychrophiles
80
What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?
Aerobic
81
What word describes a microbe that _must_ have oxygen to survive?
Obligate aerobe
82
Which type of microbes are a common contaminant of pasteurized or heated foods?
Thermoduric microbes
83
facultative anaerobe
Can grow in the absence of oxygen
Prefers using oxygen if present
Produces energy by respiration or fermentation pathways
84
is _any_ microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobe
85
Hydrogen peroxide is converted into water and oxygen by the enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
catalase
86
To obligate anaerobes, oxygen is ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
toxic, not used
87
is a microorganism that can use oxygen in metabolism and process toxic oxygen products.
aerobe
88
\_\_\_\_\_\_ or strictly aerobic organism, requires oxygen for survival.
obligate aerobe
89
are organisms that thrive in environments with a pH close to 7.
Neutrophiles
90
is capable of growing in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
facultative anaerobe
91
is an organism that prefers a habitat where the pH is below 7.
acidophile
92
What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?
Anaerobic
93
Which term describes a microbe that grows in environments with a pH greater than 7?
Alkalinophile
94
Oxygen is toxic to obligate anaerobes because these organisms lack the enzymes to degrade toxic products of aerobic metabolism.
True
95
Obligate anaerobes do not produce
catalase or superoxide dismutase, so are unable to destroy these products if formed from even brief exposure to oxygen.
96
specifically requires a high concentration of salt for growth.
halophile
97
\_\_\_\_\_\_ microorganism requires the absence of oxygen for survival.
strict or obligate
98
An organism that requires a high salt environment for optimal growth is a(n) ______ halophile.
obligate
99
What term is used to describe organisms that exist in environments near the pH of 7?
Neutrophiles
100
Which term describes _any_ close relationship between two organisms?
Symbiosis
101
Which name is given to microbes that grow in environments where the pH is lower than 7?
Acidophiles
102
Which of the following describes a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit?
Mutualism
103
An organism that prefers a pH of above 7 is referred to as a
alkalinophile
104
Which term describes bacteria that require or tolerate high concentrations of salt?
Halophile
105
Which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed?
Commensalism
106
can tolerate high salt concentrations even though they do not normally reside in such environments.
facultative halophile
107
A symbiotic relationship where one organisms benefits at the expense of another is termed \_\_\_\_.
parasitism
108
is a close association between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful or neither to both members.
Symbiosis
109
A relationship in which the products given off by one organism are usable as nutrients for another organism is called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
syntrophy
110
A relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment is known as
amensalism **or** antagonism
111
In one form of amensalism, microbes release specific chemicals called ______ into the environment to inhibit or kill other microbes.
antibiotics
112
A beneficial relationship involving communal feeding between organisms sharing a habitat is called
syntrophy **or** crossfeeding
113
The normal resident bacteria found in or on the human body are collectively called the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
microbiota
114
Which of the following describes a relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment?
Amensalism
115
binary fission
Daughter cells are identical to each other.
Binary fission occurs only once in the life of a single cell.
It is a type of asexual reproduction.
116
Antibiotics released by one microbe to inhibit or kill other microbes demonstrates an antagonistic relationship called
amensalism
117
In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its
generation time
118
The time required for a complete fission cycle—from parent cell to two new daughter cells
generation time
119
Which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed?
Commensalism
120
occurs when BOTH organisms benefit from the relationship.
Mutualism
121
Put the phases of a normal population growth curve in order
Lag phase
Log Phase
Stationary Phase
Dead Phase
122
When organisms attach to a substrate and secrete an extracellular matrix, a _______ is formed.
biofilm
123
is when a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division is slow.
Lag phase
124
The bacteria that normally inhabit the skin, GI tract, and other body sites are also referred to as normal resident\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
microbiota
125
During the ______ phase of microbial growth, numbers of cells are difficult to count because cells are adjusting to growth media, they have not reached their maximum growth rate, and the overall number of cells is sparse.
lag phase
126
Bacteria reproduce by
binary fission
127
The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the
exponential growth phase
128
Which term describes the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide?
Generation time
129
Which of the following characterizes the lag phase of a normal bacterial growth curve?
Little increase in cell numbers
130
when the population is growing at less than the exponential rate?
lag phase
131
Exponential decline occurs during the
death phase
132
These events characterize the stationary phase after cell division occurs.
Depletion of nutrients and build up of waste
133
The ______ phase of bacterial cell growth is when the number of cells dividing equals the number of cells that are dying.
stationary or stationary growth
134
Limited growth during the lag phase of a growth curve is due to the need for cells to
synthesize new enzymes to metabolize nutrients in the culture media.
135
The _____ phase of the population growth curve involves very little cell division and an exponential decline in numbers.
death
136
In which phase of bacterial growth are far more cells dividing than dying?
Exponential
137
Which phase of bacterial growth involves more cells dying than reproducing?
Death
138
**Microbes that normally live on the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, and in other sites are called the normal resident \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.**
microbiota
139
**Organisms referred to as __________ halophiles require at least a 9% salt concentration in order to grow, whereas __________ halophiles can adapt to a wide range of solute concentrations.**
obligate; facultative
140
cells require a period of adjustment after being newly inoculated
lag phase
141
population reaches maximum growth rate
exponential growth phase
142
rate of cell inhibition and cell death balances the rate of multiplication, and population size remains constant
stationary growth phase
143
population declines as death of cells exceeds rate of multiplication
death phase
144
can use gaseous oxygen and possesses enzymes to process toxic oxygen products.
aerobe
145
\_\_\_\_\_\_ aerobe cannot grow without oxygen.
obligate aerobe
146
metabolize by aerobic respiration but can adapt to anaerobic environments.
facultative anaerobes
147
can only tolerate very minute concentrations of oxygen in their environment
Microaerophiles
148
\_\_\_\_\_ represent a final group of organisms, whose members lack the required enzymes needed for using oxygen in respiration and may not be able to tolerate any free oxygen in their environment \_\_\_\_\_
Anaerobes, strict anaerobes
149
organisms living in obligatory but _mutually_ beneficial relationships
mutualism
150
one organism benefits while the other organism is _neither harmed nor benefited_
commensalism
151
one organism is harmed when it provides the other organism with nutrients and a habitat
parasitism
152
Bacteria found in the stomach of cud-chewing mammals, such as cows, are essential in the breakdown of cellulose. This relationship is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
endosymbiosis
153
The most common organisms causing food spoilage are bacteria, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_
yeasts, and molds.
154
food spoilage microorganisms can be classified by their
growth temperature preferences
155
normal habitat of *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* is
soil and water
156
*Pseudomonas* produces a slime layer composed of
polysaccharides
157
An acidophile lives in what pH environment?
pH 0–6
158
Extremophiles are able to live in toxic environments due to
evolution of genetic traits
159
Osmosis is best defined as the movement of
water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration
160
Osmosis, Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?
small nonpolar molecules
161
In a hypertonic medium, water will pass from the cell to the surrounding \_\_\_\_\_
environment
162
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will
shrink
163
A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution.
true
164
The environment inside the cell has the same solute concentration as the environment outside of the cell.
isotonic
165
The environment inside the cell has a lower solute concentration than the environment outside the cell.
hypertonic
166
The environment inside the cell has a higher solute concentration than the environment outside the cell.
hypotonic
