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Microbiology > Smartbook CH. 7 > Flashcards

Smartbook CH. 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell/organism to break down or build up molecules

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

All living things have an absolute need for _____ , such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

A

bioelements

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4
Q

Any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal, is termed a _______

A

micronutrient

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5
Q

are chemical substances, such as sugars or amino acids, that are required in large quantities by cells.

A

macronutrients

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6
Q

Micronutrients (zinc, manganese) that are required by cells in small amounts are termed

A

trace elements

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7
Q

The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for the building blocks of cellular components and processes is

A

nutrition

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8
Q

________ play an important role in enzyme function and protein structure.

A

Micronutrients

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9
Q

List bioelements

A

hydrogen

oxygen

nitrogen

phosphorus

carbon

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10
Q

What term describes any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal?

A

Micronutrient

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11
Q

Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are called

A

organic nutrients

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12
Q

Which term describes chemical substances such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are required in large quantities by cells?

A

Macronutrient

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13
Q

Nutrient sources for all living organisms can be acquired from

A

organic and inorganic compounds

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14
Q

Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are examples of ______ compounds

A

organic compounds

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15
Q

The function of micronutrients, or trace elements is

A

maintenance of protein structure

proper enzyme function

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16
Q

All living things have an absolute need for _____ , such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

A

bioelements

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17
Q

Examples of _______ nutrients include magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate, carbon dioxide, and water.

A

inorganic

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18
Q

Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen and are nearly always produced by living things are called ______ nutrients.

A

organic

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19
Q

Which must acquire its chemical energy from some outside source?

A

Heterotroph

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20
Q

Living organisms obtain nutrients from ________ sources.

A

both organic and inorganic sources

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21
Q

Because cells cannot synthesize all 20 amino acids required for growth, these amino acids are termed ________ amino acids.

A

essential amino acids

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22
Q

Which of the following are organic nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Methane

Nucleic acids

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23
Q

The energy source for phototrophs is the _______, while the energy source for chemotrophs is ________.

A

sun, chemical compounds

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24
Q

Organic compounds are the carbon and energy source for heterotrophs.

A

true

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25
Q

An ______ nutrient is composed of an element or elements other than carbon and hydrogen.

A

inorganic nutrient

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26
Q

The principal energy-yielding pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called

A

aerobic respiration or cellular respiration

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27
Q

An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source is called a _____, while an organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form is referred to as a ______

A

autotroph , heterotroph

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28
Q

Microorganisms that are human pathogens are best described as which of the following nutritional types?

A

Heterotrophic

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29
Q

Microorganisms that are human pathogens are best described as which of the following nutritional types?

A

Heterotrophic

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30
Q

When a normally nonpathogenic saprobe causes infection in a compromised host, it is referred to as a

A

opportunistic pathogen

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31
Q

A _____ is any organism that obtains its nutrients from the cells or tissues by taking them from another living host.

A

parasite

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32
Q

Any microorganism that causes disease is a

A

pathogen

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33
Q

_______ involves the complete breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.

A

Aerobic respiration

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34
Q

The cell ______ is specialized to transport substances into and out of the cell.

A

cell membrane

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35
Q

Many gardeners practice composting, where leftover vegetable peels, leaves, and other organic matter is collected and turned into a rich, fertile soil. Which best describes the type of microbes in compost?

A

Saprophytic

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36
Q

By the process of ______ transport, molecules move through a cell membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy.

A

passive transport

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37
Q

_______ pathogens are usually nonpathogenic microbes that cause disease in a compromised host.

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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38
Q

Organisms that derive nutrients from the living hosts are called _______.

A

parasites

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39
Q

______ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration.

A

osmosis

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40
Q

Membranes that only allow certain compounds into or out of the cell are called ______.

A

selective

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41
Q

Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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42
Q

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of a membrane is

A

isotonic

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43
Q

What term is used to describe the movement of molecules through a cell membrane without the need of an energy source?

A

Passive transport

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44
Q

If a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move?

A

Into the cell by osmosis

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45
Q

If a cell loses water after being placed into a particular solution, what is true regarding the osmolarity of the solution?

A

The solution is hypertonic relative to the cell.

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46
Q

Which term is used exclusively to describe water’s movement across a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

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47
Q

Bacterial cells placed in a solution where the concentration of solute within the cytoplasm is less than that of the extracellular solution would undergo ______.

A

plasmolysis (shrinkage)

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48
Q

A ______ permeable membrane can allow specific compounds into the cell and/or out of the cell.

A

selectively

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49
Q

The high ______ of a hypertonic environment causes water to diffuse out of a cell.

A

osmotic pressure

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50
Q

Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell?

A

Isotonic

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51
Q

Prior to refrigeration, salting was used to prevent microbial growth in foods by causing ______ in bacterial cells.

A

plasmolysis

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52
Q

Which type of solution will cause a cell to swell with water?

A

Hypotonic

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53
Q

______ transport requires ATP, whereas ______ transport does not require cell energy expenditure.

A

active, passive

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54
Q

Which type of solution contains a higher concentration of solutes?

A

hypertonic

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55
Q

What term is used to describe the “best” temperature to support a microbe’s growth?

A

Optimal temperature

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56
Q

______ occurs to a bacterial cell when it loses water due to an environment that has far more solutes outside the cell compared to inside.

A

Plasmolysis

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57
Q

From which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?

A

Frozen food

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58
Q

The osmotic pressure of a hypertonic environment is ______ forcing water to diffuse ______ a cell.

A

high; out of

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59
Q

Microbes that can grow slowly in cold temperatures, but have optimum temperatures above 20°C, are called ______.

A

psychrotrophs

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60
Q

These require very cold temperatures, such as those below 15 C, as their optimum.

A

psychrophiles

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61
Q

Prior to refrigeration, how did salting prevent microbial growth in foods?

A

Osmotic pressure killed the bacteria

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62
Q

Because mesophilic bacteria have an optimal temperature of ___________ degrees Celsius (same as human body temperature), they are the largest group of medically important microorganisms.

A

37

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63
Q

Microorganisms that grow at intermediate temperatures—usually between 20 and 40 degrees C.

A

mesophile

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64
Q

Which of the following main categories of transport involves the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient?

A

active transport

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65
Q

Which type of microbes are a common contaminant of pasteurized or heated foods?

A

Thermoduric microbes

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66
Q

The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate is known as the cell’s _______

A

optimum temperature

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67
Q

Microorganisms that prefer hot environments in the range of 45°C to 80°C are called ______

A

thermophiles

68
Q

Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions?

A

Psychrophile

69
Q

prefer a temperature range between 20°C and 40°C

A

Mesophiles

70
Q

_______ can grow in the cold and are able to cause food-borne illness, but are not true psychrophiles.

A

Psychrotrophs

Facultative psychrophiles

71
Q

Choose the temperature range of most mesophilic microorganisms

A

20°C-40°C

72
Q

Microorganisms that are normally mesophiles, but can handle short exposures to high temperatures are called

A

thermoduric microbes

73
Q

Where would a thermophilic microorganism be found?

A

In natural hot springs

74
Q

The two atmospheric gases that have the greatest impact on microbial growth are

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

75
Q

From which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?

A

Frozen food (below 20 C)

76
Q

The enzyme ______ converts hydrogen peroxide formed during aerobic respiration to water and oxygen.

A

catalase or peroxidase

77
Q

Microbes that can grow slowly in cold temperatures, but have optimum temperatures above 20°C, are called ______.

A

psychrotrophs

78
Q

can grow from 10 to 50oC

A

Mesophiles

79
Q

require very cold temperatures, such as those below 15oC

A

psychrophiles

80
Q

What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?

A

Aerobic

81
Q

What word describes a microbe that must have oxygen to survive?

A

Obligate aerobe

82
Q

Which type of microbes are a common contaminant of pasteurized or heated foods?

A

Thermoduric microbes

83
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

Can grow in the absence of oxygen

Prefers using oxygen if present

Produces energy by respiration or fermentation pathways

84
Q

is any microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen.

A

anaerobe

85
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is converted into water and oxygen by the enzyme _______.

A

catalase

86
Q

To obligate anaerobes, oxygen is ______ and ______.

A

toxic, not used

87
Q

is a microorganism that can use oxygen in metabolism and process toxic oxygen products.

A

aerobe

88
Q

______ or strictly aerobic organism, requires oxygen for survival.

A

obligate aerobe

89
Q

are organisms that thrive in environments with a pH close to 7.

A

Neutrophiles

90
Q

is capable of growing in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

A

facultative anaerobe

91
Q

is an organism that prefers a habitat where the pH is below 7.

A

acidophile

92
Q

What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?

A

Anaerobic

93
Q

Which term describes a microbe that grows in environments with a pH greater than 7?

A

Alkalinophile

94
Q

Oxygen is toxic to obligate anaerobes because these organisms lack the enzymes to degrade toxic products of aerobic metabolism.

A

True

95
Q

Obligate anaerobes do not produce

A

catalase or superoxide dismutase, so are unable to destroy these products if formed from even brief exposure to oxygen.

96
Q

specifically requires a high concentration of salt for growth.

A

halophile

97
Q

______ microorganism requires the absence of oxygen for survival.

A

strict or obligate

98
Q

An organism that requires a high salt environment for optimal growth is a(n) ______ halophile.

A

obligate

99
Q

What term is used to describe organisms that exist in environments near the pH of 7?

A

Neutrophiles

100
Q

Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms?

A

Symbiosis

101
Q

Which name is given to microbes that grow in environments where the pH is lower than 7?

A

Acidophiles

102
Q

Which of the following describes a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit?

A

Mutualism

103
Q

An organism that prefers a pH of above 7 is referred to as a

A

alkalinophile

104
Q

Which term describes bacteria that require or tolerate high concentrations of salt?

A

Halophile

105
Q

Which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed?

A

Commensalism

106
Q

can tolerate high salt concentrations even though they do not normally reside in such environments.

A

facultative halophile

107
Q

A symbiotic relationship where one organisms benefits at the expense of another is termed ____.

A

parasitism

108
Q

is a close association between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful or neither to both members.

A

Symbiosis

109
Q

A relationship in which the products given off by one organism are usable as nutrients for another organism is called ______.

A

syntrophy

110
Q

A relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment is known as

A

amensalism or antagonism

111
Q

In one form of amensalism, microbes release specific chemicals called ______ into the environment to inhibit or kill other microbes.

A

antibiotics

112
Q

A beneficial relationship involving communal feeding between organisms sharing a habitat is called

A

syntrophy or crossfeeding

113
Q

The normal resident bacteria found in or on the human body are collectively called the ______.

A

microbiota

114
Q

Which of the following describes a relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment?

A

Amensalism

115
Q

binary fission

A

Daughter cells are identical to each other.

Binary fission occurs only once in the life of a single cell.

It is a type of asexual reproduction.

116
Q

Antibiotics released by one microbe to inhibit or kill other microbes demonstrates an antagonistic relationship called

A

amensalism

117
Q

In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its

A

generation time

118
Q

The time required for a complete fission cycle—from parent cell to two new daughter cells

A

generation time

119
Q

Which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed?

A

Commensalism

120
Q

occurs when BOTH organisms benefit from the relationship.

A

Mutualism

121
Q

Put the phases of a normal population growth curve in order

A

Lag phase

Log Phase

Stationary Phase

Dead Phase

122
Q

When organisms attach to a substrate and secrete an extracellular matrix, a _______ is formed.

A

biofilm

123
Q

is when a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division is slow.

A

Lag phase

124
Q

The bacteria that normally inhabit the skin, GI tract, and other body sites are also referred to as normal resident________

A

microbiota

125
Q

During the ______ phase of microbial growth, numbers of cells are difficult to count because cells are adjusting to growth media, they have not reached their maximum growth rate, and the overall number of cells is sparse.

A

lag phase

126
Q

Bacteria reproduce by

A

binary fission

127
Q

The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the

A

exponential growth phase

128
Q

Which term describes the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide?

A

Generation time

129
Q

Which of the following characterizes the lag phase of a normal bacterial growth curve?

A

Little increase in cell numbers

130
Q

when the population is growing at less than the exponential rate?

A

lag phase

131
Q

Exponential decline occurs during the

A

death phase

132
Q

These events characterize the stationary phase after cell division occurs.

A

Depletion of nutrients and build up of waste

133
Q

The ______ phase of bacterial cell growth is when the number of cells dividing equals the number of cells that are dying.

A

stationary or stationary growth

134
Q

Limited growth during the lag phase of a growth curve is due to the need for cells to

A

synthesize new enzymes to metabolize nutrients in the culture media.

135
Q

The _____ phase of the population growth curve involves very little cell division and an exponential decline in numbers.

A

death

136
Q

In which phase of bacterial growth are far more cells dividing than dying?

A

Exponential

137
Q

Which phase of bacterial growth involves more cells dying than reproducing?

A

Death

138
Q

Microbes that normally live on the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, and in other sites are called the normal resident __________.

A

microbiota

139
Q

Organisms referred to as __________ halophiles require at least a 9% salt concentration in order to grow, whereas __________ halophiles can adapt to a wide range of solute concentrations.

A

obligate; facultative

140
Q

cells require a period of adjustment after being newly inoculated

A

lag phase

141
Q

population reaches maximum growth rate

A

exponential growth phase

142
Q

rate of cell inhibition and cell death balances the rate of multiplication, and population size remains constant

A

stationary growth phase

143
Q

population declines as death of cells exceeds rate of multiplication

A

death phase

144
Q

can use gaseous oxygen and possesses enzymes to process toxic oxygen products.

A

aerobe

145
Q

______ aerobe cannot grow without oxygen.

A

obligate aerobe

146
Q

metabolize by aerobic respiration but can adapt to anaerobic environments.

A

facultative anaerobes

147
Q

can only tolerate very minute concentrations of oxygen in their environment

A

Microaerophiles

148
Q

_____ represent a final group of organisms, whose members lack the required enzymes needed for using oxygen in respiration and may not be able to tolerate any free oxygen in their environment _____

A

Anaerobes, strict anaerobes

149
Q

organisms living in obligatory but mutually beneficial relationships

A

mutualism

150
Q

one organism benefits while the other organism is neither harmed nor benefited

A

commensalism

151
Q

one organism is harmed when it provides the other organism with nutrients and a habitat

A

parasitism

152
Q

Bacteria found in the stomach of cud-chewing mammals, such as cows, are essential in the breakdown of cellulose. This relationship is an example of __________.

A

endosymbiosis

153
Q

The most common organisms causing food spoilage are bacteria, _____, _____

A

yeasts, and molds.

154
Q

food spoilage microorganisms can be classified by their

A

growth temperature preferences

155
Q

normal habitat of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is

A

soil and water

156
Q

Pseudomonas produces a slime layer composed of

A

polysaccharides

157
Q

An acidophile lives in what pH environment?

A

pH 0–6

158
Q

Extremophiles are able to live in toxic environments due to

A

evolution of genetic traits

159
Q

Osmosis is best defined as the movement of

A

water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration

160
Q

Osmosis, Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?

A

small nonpolar molecules

161
Q

In a hypertonic medium, water will pass from the cell to the surrounding _____

A

environment

162
Q

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will

A

shrink

163
Q

A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution.

A

true

164
Q

The environment inside the cell has the same solute concentration as the environment outside of the cell.

A

isotonic

165
Q

The environment inside the cell has a lower solute concentration than the environment outside the cell.

A

hypertonic

166
Q

The environment inside the cell has a higher solute concentration than the environment outside the cell.

A

hypotonic

Microbiology (8 decks)

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